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On the solutions of some Mersenne prime-involved Diophantine equation
(International Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2023-03-31) Gayo, William S., Jr.; Bacani, Jerico B.
This work studies Diophantine equations of the form Aˣ -Bʸ = Z². Specifically, we determine the nonnegative integer solutions (pM, a, b, c) of the exponential Diophantine equation (pM)ᵃ - (pM 1)ᵇ = c² and its more generalized form (pM)ᵃ -(pM 1) ᵇ = c²ⁿ, where pM is a Mersenne prime number. Moreover, we also deal with the Diophantine equation (pM)ᵃ - (qM 1)ᵇ = c², where pM and qM are both Mersenne primes. We solve these equations with the aid of elementary methods in number theory like the factoring technique and the modular arithmetic method. We also utilize Mihailescu's Theo- rem, the concepts of quadratic residue and Legendre symbol, and some properties of Mersenne primes for our Diophantine analysis. Results show that both (pM)ᵃ - (pM 1)ᵇ = c² and (pM)ᵃ - (pM 1)ᵇ = c²ⁿ have trivial solutions which only exist when a = 0 and b = 0, while (pM)ᵃ - (qM 1)ᵇ = c² has two positive integer solutions.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the six common teaching strategies of tertiary level teachers and students:
(The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Studies, 2020) Aban, Jomar L.; Abubo, Rosita P.; Sario, Criselda G.
Determining the knowledge, the attitudes, and the practices on the different teaching pedagogies perceived by teachers and students are relevant to ensure authentic learning. This research is a short cross-sectional case study that utilized an educational-quantitative-descriptive design. Results showed that both the teachers and students have moderate knowledge on the six teaching strategies, namely: 1) lecture type of teaching strategy; 2) cooperative type of teaching strategy; 3) inquiry-based teaching strategy; 4) mastery type of teaching strategy; 5) learning with emphasis on communication skills; and 6) project-based teaching strategy. Results further showed that the respondents agree in the positive functionality in all the pedagogies (lecture type μ = 2.91; cooperative type μ = 3.00; inquiry-based μ = 2.90; mastery type μ = 2.68; learning with emphasis on communication skills μ = 2.76; and project-based μ = 2.87). In terms of the practice of these teaching strategies, it showed that lecture method is still the most frequently utilized compared to the rest of the student-centered pedagogies. Based on the results, a newly proposed teaching model is crafted. In this model, all six teaching strategies should be used in varied frequency of utilization. The new synergistic teaching strategy model is constructed to point out the need to utilize not only the lecture method but also the other student-centered approaches so that authentic learning will transpire and quality education is achieved.
Optimization of mycelial growth of Xylaria papulis Lloyd (Xylariaceae) in indigenous liquid culture conditions, science city of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
(Studies in Fungi, 2022-12-28) Lopez, Mark Kevin S.; Kalaw, Sofronio P.; Dulay, Rich Milton R.; De Leon, Angeles M.; Reyes, Renato G.
The search for potential and inexhaustible sources of bioactive compounds with great functional activities is imperative for potential drug leads in treating various human diseases. In this regard, this study investigated the optimum liquid medium and physical culture conditions for the mycelial growth of X. papulis Lloyd for nutraceutical studies. The greatest mycelial biomass was achieved in PSB liquid medium among the indigenous media evaluated, such as potato sucrose broth (PSB), corn meal broth (CMB), rice bran broth (RBB), and coconut water (CW). In terms of pH, X. papulis Lloyd was observed to grow in a wide range of pH (5.0−8.5), but the best mycelial growth was observed at pH 6.5. Room temperature of 28 °C, lighted (137 lux), and static conditions were the other optimum physical culture conditions for mycelial growth of X. papulis Lloyd.
Morphological, phytochemical, and molecular profiling of bamboo species (Bambuseae) growing in various ecosystems of Cagayan Province, Luzon, Philippines
(BIODIVERSITAS, 2023-08) Opeña, Jeff M.; Bumanglag, Reymelyn A.; Cabang, Venz Mar T.
The characterization of bamboo species posed advantages to the bamboo industry’s development in the Philippines. This study aimed to provide baseline information on the environmental and biological profiles of bamboo species in Cagayan Province, Philippines. Study sites were visited for bamboo morphological characterization using character states. Leaves were collected for qualitative phytochemical screening of 10 secondary metabolites and DNA sequencing using the rbcL plastid gene. The 28 accessions of Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocanna, Phyllostachys, Schizostachyum, and Thyrsostachys were characterized and these bamboos were growing in forests, coastal or sparsely vegetated lands, urban, freshwater, grasslands, and agricultural ecosystems. Bamboo species distinctiveness’ was described through identification keys on growth habit, culm internode, nodal structure, young shoot, and flowering incidence. The bamboos contain coumarins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, while quinones are absent. DNA sequencing using rbcL was effective in the identification of Bambusa vulgaris species and unknown bamboo at the species level. Dendrocalamus, Guadua, Melocanna, and Schizostachyum species were successfully identified by rbcL at the genus level. Most of the species were identified as Dendrocalamus species with rbcL. The findings provide valuable information on species identification and certification for asexual propagation, genetic conservation, phytochemical extraction, and utilization for health.
Image-based Mangifera indica pathogen recognition using artificial intelligence
(Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 26-08-2024) Baculo, Maria Jeseca C.; Rivera, Nema Rose D.; Cuison, Floribeth P.
Mangifera Indica, holds significant global export value. This study focuses on implementing object detection frameworks to identify five surface defects in this mango variety, which is crucial for maintaining its export quality. The methodology involves training four object detection frameworks. Results show that the modified region extraction technique, which uses adaptive binarization and morphological operations catered to detect mango surface defects, with EfficientNet as the base learner, demonstrated improved accuracy with a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.842 at an Intersection over the Union (IoU) threshold of 0.75.
Sign to speech convolutional neural network-based Filipino sign language hand gesture recognition system
(2021 International Symposium on Computer Science and Intelligent Controls (ISCSIC), 2021) Jarabese, Mark Benedict D.; Marzan, Charlie S.; Boado, Jenelyn Q.; Lopez, Rushaine Rica Mae F.; Ofiana, Lady Grace B.; Pilarca, Kenneth John P.
Sign Language Recognition is a breakthrough for helping deaf-mute people and has been studied for many years. Unfortunately, every research has its own limitation and are still unable to be used commercially. In this study, we developed a real-time Filipino sign language hand gesture recognition system based on Convolutional Neural Network. A manually gathered dataset consists of 237 video clips with 20 different gestures. This dataset underwent data cleaning and augmentation using image pre-processing techniques. The Inflated 3D convolutional neural network was used to train the Filipino sign language recognition model. The experiments considered retraining the pretrained model with top layers and all layers. As a result, the model retrained with all layers using imbalanced dataset was shown to be more effective and achieving accuracy up to 95% over the model retrained with top layers to classify different signs or hand gestures. Using the Rapid Application Development model, the Filipino sign language recognition application was developed and assessed its usability by the target users. With different parameters used in the evaluation, the application found to be effective and efficient.
Species composition of macroinvertebrates in Sto. Tomas Cove, La Union, Philippines
(International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2018) Mamhot, Jinnie R.; Peralta, Dianne A.; Bejar, J. L.
Macroinvertebrates usually inhabit coastal areas. Being numerous in the shallow zones, they provide readily available food source. They are mostly exposed to high fishing pressure as most of them are immobile or slow moving andimals. Results of the three-year survey from 2013 August to June 2016 on the status of macroinvertebrates collected by a modified trawl net (locally known as Karkar) at four established stations in Sto. Tomas cove are presented in this study. This include species composition, abundance and distribution of invertebrates in the area. Four groups were identified: Mollusks, Arthropods, Echinoderms and Cnidarians. Of these, mollusks were the most diverse, widespread and common group throughout the sampling months. The mollusks consist of three groups in the collections: Bivalves, Gastropods and Cephalopods. Two species: T. terebra and A. pleuronectes represented the most abundant taxa. Arthropods were also abundant in the collected samples and consisted primarily important species such as shrimps (Metapenaeus spp.); crabs: Charybdis sp., Portunus sp., S. serrata and other species of Portunidae. S. mantis is also common and abundant in the collected samples. Others were collected in small quantity. Echinoderms were less common and represented by two species of sea cucumbers (H. ocellata & H. scabra). Few samples of Cnidarians were collected and may come from other source or carried by water currents into the cove. They may also have entered the cove in search of food. Considering the catches of these resources, a need for an immediate action towards their sustainability seems necessary.
Development and characterization of vitamin C-loaded chitosan/alginate microcapsules for enhanced oral immunostimulation in aquaculture
(International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, January 31, 2026) Quiazon, Karl Marx A.; Gagelonia, Jefferson D.; Padron, Aries Paul D.; Kindipan, Cherry Ann; Damian, Kae M.; Bautista, Jefferson C.; Hoggang, Cheryl Grace B.; Mateo Jr., Roberto J.; Eugenio, Paul Jhon G.; Monserate, Juvy J.; Tadeo, Faith S.; Entoma, Aphrodite S.; Arevalo, Benyl John A.; Macaraeg, Niko A.; Choresca, Casiano H., Jr.
Immunostimulants are widely used in aquaculture to enhance host immune responses and improve disease resistance. Vitamin deficiencies, by contrast, are primarily prevented or corrected through dietary vitamin supplementation. Notably, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), although a vitamin, is also frequently studied as an immunostimulant due to its immunomodulatory effects. In parallel, oral vaccination has emerged as a promising strategy for mass immunization in aquaculture because it is easy to administer, reduces handling stress, and can be cost-effective. However, harsh gastrointestinal conditions can degrade orally administered bioactives before they elicit a measurable immune response. Moreover, vitamin C is one of the most commonly utilized immunostimulants administered orally, yet its sensitivity to the environment poses a major problem during fish immunization due to leaching. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize a biopolymer-based microencapsulation system using a chitosan–alginate biopolymer system for the effective oral delivery of vitamin C as an immunostimulant in tilapia. A Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of key formulation parameters, sodium alginate concentration, vitamin C concentration, and gelling time on encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Results showed that these variables significantly affected both %EE and %LC. The optimal formulation comprised 1.0% sodium alginate and 0.05 ppm vitamin C with immediate gelation, achieving 84.19% EE and 0.471% LC. Spectrophotometric and thermogravimetric analyses confirmed successful vitamin C encapsulation, and the optimized microcapsules exhibited uniform morphology and excellent stability. This microencapsulation strategy demonstrates strong potential for enhancing the oral delivery of vitamin C (and potentially other labile immunostimulants) in tilapia.
Unsolvability of two diophantine equations of the form pᵃ + (p − 1)ᵇ = c²
(International Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, April 24, 2024) William S. Gayo Jr.; Siong, Venus D.
In this research study, we use elementary methods in number theory to show that the Diophantine equations 11ᵃ + 10ᵇ = c² and 17ᵃ + 16ᵇ = c² are unsolvable in non-negative integers.
EL-service-YU:
(2021 1st International Conference in Information and Computing Research (iCORE), 2021) Ancheta, Allan Daryl A.; Catbagan, Janica Suzzanne M.; De Guzman, Irene T.; Hortizuela, Manny Rimorin; Pulido, Jahp D.
This study focused on the development of EL-service-YU: AN ANDROID MOBILE APPLICATION FOR ERRAND SERVICES which aimed to provide more job opportunities and at the same time help people to lighten up their tasks. El-service-Yu sought answers to the following objectives: develop the Value Proposition Canvas and Business Canvas Model and validate its acceptability using convenience and quota sampling; develop an android mobile errand service application using agile extreme programming; and determine the level of acceptability using ISO/IEC 25010-2011-SQUARE. Design Science Research Methodology was used as research design to develop the required artifact of the study along with extreme programming framework as the software development methodology. Like what you’re reading?
The effects of gradual release of assistance instruction on students’ heuristics, confidence, and attitude toward independent problem-solving
(Journal on Mathematics Education, 2024-07-30) Cerveza, Ryan L.; Lapinid, Minie Rose C.
The 'Gradual Release of Assistance (GRA) instruction' was implemented among pre-service teachers in a problem-solving course designed to reduce students' resistance to independent problem-solving. This approach aimed to enhance students' heuristic skills, confidence, and attitudes toward problem-solving. The GRA instruction encompassed activities with progressively decreasing levels of instructional support across three stages: the maximum assistance stage, the medium assistance stage, and the independent problem-solving stage. Utilizing an embedded multiple-case design and a simple time-series analysis of six individual cases, this research explored how pre-service teachers applied heuristics and their confidence and attitudes toward problem-solving. The study revealed improvements in heuristic application among cases with high and medium mathematical abilities, as well as increased confidence and positive attitudes toward problem-solving within this cohort. However, there were no notable improvements in using different heuristics among cases with low mathematical ability. The findings discussed the observed changes and consistencies, offering plausible explanations that underscore the significance of GRA instruction in alleviating students' reluctance to engage in independent problem-solving.
Bridging the gap:
(RECOLETOS Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2024-03-18) Bustos, Ronald
This study looks at how the present skills need, the dynamic labor market shifts in the Philippines, and the academic programs promoted by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) connect. The study uses document analysis, guided by Cleary et al.'s (2017) Skills Alignment approach, to link high-demand skills and key economic sectors with CHED's prioritized programs. Using the most recent Labor Market Information reports and the CHED Memorandum Order No. 10, series of 2021, the results show that engineering, IT education, and business degrees significantly aligned with the digital economy, in-demand employment, and rising industries. Nonetheless, there are gaps where specific jobs tangentially align with the initiatives that CHED prioritizes. This paper offers suggestions on how to better align academic programs with the changing needs of the labor market.
Employability of forestry graduates:
(The Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 2024) Cortado, Jay Mark G.
Employability is a measure of the effectiveness of an academic program in the quality of its graduates. However, insufficient data on employability of forestry graduates are still observed, particularly in northern Philippines. Hence, the study aimed to trace the employment of BS Forestry (BSF) graduates in DMMMSU from 2015 to 2022. The study used descriptive research design to describe the BSF graduates' socio-demographic characteristics, educational background, and initial employment profile. Survey was employed as data collection method, and quantitative techniques were used for analysis. Results revealed that majority of graduates were female and had been awarded college scholarships; some graduated with honours and awards. Majority were licensed foresters, while very few had other professional eligibilities. Most were employed at least once after graduation and were professional contractual employees of companies, mainly in agriculture, hunting, and forestry. Salaries and benefits were the primary reason for acceptance of jobs, while most secured forestry-related jobs within six months after their graduation. The gross monthly income for a great majority of the initial forestry-related jobs reported was less than PhP 15,000.00. Most employed graduates agreed that their program and curriculum were related and relevant to their jobs. However, regular updating of curriculum and instruction is the major suggestion of graduates to improve the program. The likelihood of gaining employment after graduation significantly increases when school support services are provided for career and job placement. Honours and awards in college were seen to be significant factors contributing to the employability of forestry graduates.
Design architecture of a student co-curricular activity management platform
(International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019-09) Malicdem, Alvin R.; Perilla, Fernandino S.
This paper introduces a design architecture of a co-curricular activity management platform for students. Becauseof the absence of features in existing learning management platforms to manage co-curricular activities that educational institutions have to offer, these learning management platforms are not fitted to be utilized. One of the essential circumstances for raising qualified and prepared students in this day and age is to guarantee their interest and participation in social activities. In the education aspect, social activities are co-curricular activities earlier known as extracurricular activities, which are components of non academic curriculum that helps to create different facets of character improvement of students. Quantitative research particularly descriptive research using survey questionnaires and guided interviews, Intensive literature review on published studies and articles, and latest information technology reviews were conducted to come up with an appropriate design architecture to improve student’s engagement in co-curricular activities. Integrating the ideas and insights gathered on the conducted study, a new design architecture for a co-curricular activity management platform was proposed. In order to evolve architecture continually, the new design provided greater flexibility for development teams that decreases development cycle times by allowing them to update modules of the platform independently without affecting the other parts, and also the design responded to the needs of the users, and integrated emerging ICT trends. The tailor fitted design architecture of the platform addressed the specific needs of its end-users, thus providing students more convenient experience and opportunities to engage in co-curricular activities provided by higher educational institutions.
Using big data analysis to retain customers for tele comindustry
(ACM Digital Library, 2019-04-19) Gu, Yuanhu; Malicdem, Alvin R.; Dela Cruz, Josephine S.; Palaoag, Thelma Domingo
Nowadays, telecommunication markets are becoming more and more competitive, and customer churn is becoming more and more serious. In the tough competitive mobile market, Customer Churn Management is becoming more and more critical. In developing countries, most customers switch service providers because of good promotional incentives and lower monthly costs offered by competitive service providers. How to predict customer churn quickly and accurately becomes very important. In this paper, the researchers successfully analyzed the customer churn using big data feature analysis and multi-feature analysis. User data were modeled by XGBoost algorithm. The model is optimized repeatedly with GridSearchCV as a parameter tool. The accuracy of the model on the test set is 85.1%. The researchers predicted about 11000 customer lists per month that may be about to churn. Using K-means clustering method, 11000 churn target customers per month were classified into three categories and telecom companies are suggested to take some solutions which are found by feature analysis to retain customers. This big data analysis can be used to retain customers for the telecom industry.
Deep residual U-Net based lung image segmentation for lung disease detection
(IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020) Mique, Eusebio L., Jr.; Malicdem, Alvin R.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that by the year 2030, lung disorders such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) would be one of the leading cause of death all over the world. Consequently, accurate and timely detection of lung diseases may prevent further death. It is therefore vital that the early detection may lead to treatment and prevention of mortality among patients. However, there are only a minimum number of experts or well-trained radiologists reading Chest X-Ray (CXR) that delays the timely diagnosis of lung diseases. In order to aid the radiologist in reading CXR images, a computer-aided tool is proposed. Before the processing of images, it needs to be segmented to make it easier for the machine to understand. This study is focused on developing a model that will segment the lung from CXR images. Using Residual U-Net (ResUnet) architecture based semantic segmentation, the researchers were able to develop and train a model using a set of 562 CXR images and lung mask images, 70% of the images were used as training data and 30% as test data. The model was trained with 40 epochs and a batch size of 16. Dice coefficient was used to assess the similarity of the segmented result and the ground truth mask. The developed model has achieved a Dice coefficient of 0.9860. The developed model can then be used in classifying lung diseases by focusing on the segmented image rather than focusing on the entire CXR image.
Acceptability assessment of a locally developed onion harvester hand tractor in La Union, Philippines
(E3S Web of Conferences, 2023) Abad, Rosalinda L.; Buccat, Hipolito C.; Tam-awen, Zion Jemillinium S.; Pagaduan, Jessica A.
Onion farmers’ attitude toward a locally developed onion harvester in the Philippines has been unstudied due to the unavailability of the machine. Based on a respondent of 26 onion farmers, an acceptability assessment of the onion harvester was implemented. Data were gathered using questionnaires at two activities of actual hands-on operation and lectures and analyzed using fisher’s exact test. The ease of operation, cleaning and maintenance, safety of operation, ease of transport, technical field performance, adaptability, and investment viability were relevant attributes used in the acceptability of the onion harvester. The majority of the respondents positively accept the onion harvester. The user operation, cleaning and maintenance, ease of transport, adaptability, and investment viability are correlated positively to the willingness to buy or rent the machine. Conversely, user safety, technical performance, and aesthetics are not correlated with adoption. Since 38.5% of the farmers have no hand tractor, the preferred acquisition is renting the onion harvester.
Urban storytelling as human capital:
(Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2026-01) Jarata, Jesus Rafael B.
Background: Internal migration is a primary driver of urbanisation in the Philippines, yet the lived realities of rural-to-urban migrants—particularly those in the informal economy—are often marginalised in dominant urban discourses. While the pursuit of economic opportunity drives migration, it simultaneously creates a complex urban landscape where migrants must navigate exclusion and precarity. Objective: This study investigates how internal migrants utilise narrative practices as a strategic resource to navigate economic instability, cultivate social networks, and assert a sense of belonging within the urban environment. Methodology: Adopting a qualitative narrative inquiry framework, the study purposively sampled ten internal migrants engaged in informal-sector labour. Data were collected between January and March 2025 through semi-structured interviews and collaborative story-sharing circles. A thematic narrative analysis was employed to decode recurring story arcs, metaphorical devices, and symbolic expressions. Results: Findings indicate that storytelling serves as a critical communicative strategy for building trust, mobilising communal resources, and navigating public institutions. Participants utilised narratives to reframe vulnerability as resilience and to negotiate the city’s symbolic and material boundaries. Furthermore, storytelling acts as a tool for "placemaking," allowing migrants to construct distinct urban identities and claim spaces of belonging. Conclusion: The study concludes that for internal migrants, storytelling functions as both symbolic capital and symbolic labour. In the absence of formal credentials, narratives provide the legitimacy required for survival and belonging. However, these practices also reveal "unsettling social fields" where migrant resilience is under constant scrutiny and systemic struggle. Unique Contribution: This research advances urban and communication studies by recasting storytelling as a functional form of human capital. By centring narrative agency, the study offers a new framework for understanding how marginalised populations actively shape urban futures rather than existing as passive subjects of development. Key Recommendation: Policy-makers and urban planners should move toward participatory models that recognize migrants as co-creators of the city. Future research should explore how integrating migrant narratives into community-based programs can foster more equitable and inclusive urban governance.
Leaf and stem anatomy and wood fiber morphology of Seriales (Flacourtia jangomas) at different elevations in La Union, Philippines
(Annals of Tropical Research, July - December 2025) Soriano, Reynalene M.; Camacho, Claudine F.; Olbinado-Quillope, Ruby Anne G.; Cortado, Jay Mark G.; Villareal, Jayric F.
Seriales is an underutilized Philippine (Flacourtia jangomas) indigenous fruit tree with ecological and economic potential but limited anatomical evidence across elevation gradients. We quantified leaf and stem anatomy and wood fiber morphology across three low-elevation bands in La Union, Philippines (55–70masl, 71–85masl and 86–100masl). Mature leaves and young stems of F. jangomas were collected, stained, and observed for their leaf and stem anatomical measurements. Wood fibers were macerated and analyzed for fiber length, diameter, lumen diameter, and derived indices. Several leaf traits varied significantly with elevation: lamina and palisade mesophyll were greatest at the lowest site and declined upslope, whereas lower cuticle/epidermis, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, phloem, and collenchyma layers also differed among sites. In contrast, upper cuticle/epidermis, leaf xylem, and spongy mesophyll (~260–303μm) were not significantly different, suggesting conserved internal gas-exchange capacity. Stem anatomy showed decreasing cortex thickness and layer number with elevation, but increasing xylem thickness. Epidermal hairs were longer at the highest site. Wood fiber length shows values similar to tropical species, while mid-elevation trees had smaller fiber and lumen diameters, yielding higher density. High Runkel ratios (>1), low flexibility, and low slenderness indicate poor suitability for pulp and papermaking, but support use for durable woodcraft and small furniture. Overall, F. jangomas exhibits anatomical plasticity within a narrow lowland gradient, showing its resilience and value for lowland agroforestry. This study also highlights the need for conservation of this species and further studies that focus on the effect of climatic factors and stressors.
Levels of Galiang (Xanthosoma saggitifolium) corm meal as replacement of corn in broiler ration
(International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2026-01) Aglipay, Medelyn A.; Rodriguez, Cynthia M.; Aspiras, Mary Fe
Galiang Corm Meal is one nutrient-dense feed ingredient that is a potential partial substitute for corn. Corn contains 4.38% crude protein, 2.61% crude fiber, 1.25% ether extract, 4.68% minerals & 8.08% moisture while GCM may be better than corn since both were used together to formulate feed; hen flock bands had larger final body weights (1.565 kg) and were heavier than their counterparts receiving only corn weight gain (1.518 kg) at the end of the feeding trial. Statistically significant was revealed more feed consumed by birds compared to others with the lowest amount of feed needed/kg gain for birds that received GCM at 50% inclusion level. GCM added between 25%-75% levels resulted in growth performance, feed usage efficiency & carcass yield of broilers that were fed both products compared to commercial rations. Economically GCM available at a 50% substitution level provided the highest gross margin/bird making this level of dietary inclusion the best cost benefit ratio of the dietary treatments evaluated.

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