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Publication Efficacy of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf extract against gastrointestinal parasites of goats(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2009-03) Velasco, Mary Ann B.This study was conducted to: 1) determine the phytochemical composition of Mahkota Dewa leaves; 2) identify the species of gastrointestinal parasites present in the experimental animals; 3) determine the efficacy of Mahkota Dewa leaf extract (MDLE) against gastrointestinal parasites of goats; and 4) determine the species of gastrointestinal parasites affected by MDLE. Dried and ground leaves stored in properly labelled and sealed plastic bags was brought to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Industrial Technology and Develpoment Institute (ITDI), Standards and Testing Division (STD), Manila for phytochemical analysis. Fifteen goats were used in the study. Prior to the treatment, fecal examination was done to identify the gastrointestinal parasites and determine the pre treatment EPG count. After the treatment, fecal samples were collected on the first, second, third, seventh, fourteenth and twenty-eight days and were analyzed at Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), Parasitology Laboratory, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union using McMaster and Modified Stoll’s Method of fecalysis. Five treatments replicated thrice were used in the study. The goats were distributed using the Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Treatments used were as follows: To No treatment (control) To+ 0.4 ml Albendazole (12.5%) per 10 kg bodyweight T1 3 ml MDLE per kg bodyweight T2 5 ml MDLE per kg bodyweight T3 7 ml MDLE per kg bodyweight The chemical composition of Mahkota Dewa after subjecting it to phytochemiccal analysis were as follows: tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, and sterols. Strongyle type spp., Strongyloides spp., and Moniezia spp. were the gastrointestinal parasites identified in the experimental animals. Treatment 2 (5ml MDLE) per kilogram bodyweight is effective against gastrointestinal parasites on the 14th day post treatment similar in efficacy to the commercial anthelmintic. Three ml (T1) MDLE is effective against Moniezia species.Publication Efficacy of neem (Azadirachia indica) leaves infusion and decoction against fly larvae(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2009-03) Orteza, Jay O.This study was conducted to: (1) determine the efficacy of infused neem leaves against fly larvae; (2) determine the efficacy of decocted neem leaves against fly larvae; (3) determine the most effective concentration of infused neem leaves against fly larvae; (4) determine the most effective concentration of decocted neem leaves against fly larvae and (5) to compare the efficacy of neem leaf infusion from decoction. Larvae samples were collected and placed in culture basins with 40 larvae distributed in each treatment. After the application of treatments, larvae samples were closely observed daily for 13 days. Nine treatments replicated three times were used in the study. Treatments used were as follows: To1 (undisturbed); To'2 (water); To+ (commercial larvicidal); Ti infusion (60% concentration); T1 decoction (60% concentration); T2 infusion (80% concentration); T2 decoction (80% concentration); T3 infusion 100% concentration and T3 decoction(100% concentration). The result of the study showed that none of the different concentrations of either infused or decocted neem leaves were found to be effective against fly larvae. The result showed that Tl infusion (60% concentration) and T3 decoction (100% concentration) were found to have the highest percentage reduction among the treatments but were not considered as effective concentration because both were not able to reduce the number of larvae to the acceptable level. Although the neem leaves infusion and decoction were all considered ineffective based from the standard criteria, both have potential larvicidal effect because they were able to reduce the larval count. Likewise, the efficacy of neem leaf infusion was not significantly different from the efficacy of decoction.Publication Awareness of public grade school pupils and teachers about rabies in 1st District of La Union(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2009-03) Laroya, Modesto Jeff O.This study was conducted to: (1) determine the level of awareness of public grade school pupils about rabies in 1st district of La Union; (2) determine the awareness of public grade schools in 1st district of La Union in connection with the R.A. 9482 or “Anti-rabies Act of 2007” Section 5C which states that the Department of Education shall strengthen rabies education program through school health teaching/curriculum; and (3) determine the correlation between the selected socio-demographic profile and the awareness of respondents. The study made use of the descriptive survey research which utilized questionnaire as tool in gathering data. It was carried out in the selected elementary schools of the 1st district of La Union. Ten percent of the total schools were selected in each town. There were two groups of respondents: the grade 4-6 pupils and their teachers. Ten percent of the total numbers of grade 4-6 pupils were randomly selected in each school for a total of 427 pupils. For the teachers, three teachers were randomly selected in each school for a total of 45 teacher respondents. The survey questionnaire was pre-tested among grade 4-6 pupils at Cabaroan Elementary School in Bacnotan, La Union, a school not covered by the study. Data and information gathered were analyzed using frequency counts, percentage, weighted mean and correlation (Pearson r) analysis. With regards to the age of the pupil respondents, most of them were 11 years old and above (33.73%). The same respondents were well distributed in terms of sex wherein 53.63% were females while 46.37% were males. Majority of the pupil respondents were Roman Catholic (83.84%). As to the educational attainment of their fathers, almost half of them (47.78%) have attained college level. For the educational attainment of their mothers, more than fifty percent (52.70%) have attended their college education. The total mean monthly family income was Php 8,429.74 where the greatest percentage of them belongs to monthly income bracket of Php 5,001-10,000 (or 26%). For the socio-demographic profile of the teacher respondents, the following data were obtained. Majority of the teacher respondents (24.25%) opted not to answer the question about their major field of specialization. Among the teacher respondents who answered, most of them majored in science (22.22%) and only 2.22% were math major. The mean age of the teacher respondents was 27.78 years. With regards to their sex, most (80%) were females. As to their religion, majority of them were Roman Catholic. The total mean of the number of years in teaching for teachers was 10.78 years and the highest percentage (66.67%) was at the range of 10 years and above. On the average, the pupils were “aware” on the different aspects of rabies with a grand mean rating of 3.21. They have their highest level of awareness on the aspect that rabies can kill a person (4.09) and their lowest level of awareness on the aspect carriers of rabies (2.67). On the average, the teachers were “much aware” on the different aspects of rabies with a grand mean rating of 4.09. They have their highest level of awareness on the aspect that rabies can kill a person (4.78) and their lowest level of awareness on the aspect that rabid animals and humans could not be saved even with intensive care and treatment (3.47). Only a small percentage of the pupil respondents (27.17%) were aware of the R.A. 9482 or the “Anti-rabies Act of 2007” Section 5C. On the overall, the pupil respondents were moderately aware to the R.A. 9482 Section 5C with a mean of 46.84%. For the teachers, 28.89% of them were aware of the R.A. 9482 Section 5C. On the overall, the teacher respondents were moderately aware to the R.A. Section 5C with a mean of 32%. The educational attainment of the parents as well as their monthly income was not significantly correlated to the pupils’ level of awareness. Likewise, the number of years in teaching of the teachers did not improve their level of awareness.Publication Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants utilized by the local people of Balbalayang, Sugpon, Ilocos Sur(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2025-05) Baguioen, Camille Kate A.Documentation of ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in the local area is significant in preserving the traditional practices and the medicinal plant itself. However, no recent research has been written on the ethnomedicine use by the local people in Sugpon unlike other neighboring municipalities in Ilocos Sur province. Hence, this study aimed to document the medicinal plants used by the local people in Balbalayang, Sugpon, Ilocos Sur. A semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 informants and 5 members in focus group discussion from April 11 to 27, 2025. The demographic profile of informants is predominantly of females (82.86%) aged 60 years old and above (74.29%). Farming and housekeeping are their common occupation while their educational attainment is well balanced. The majority of the informants are coming from Bago tribe (51.43). Based on the data collected, a total of 31 medicinal plant species distributed in 20 families were used to address 27 diseases in 8 different modes of administration. The family Lamiaceae is best represented by three species (11.11%), followed by Zingiberaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Annonaceae, and Euphorbiaceae with two species (7.41%). Vitex spp. and Origanum vulgare are the most commonly used medicinal plant species with UV of 0.429. The leaves (78.43%) were the most frequently used plant part, and decoction (79.04%) was the most preferred form of administration to treat various diseases, such as cough, which most commonly applied to 13.85% of medicinal plant species. The majority of the informants used medicinal plants for less than a year in treating mild illnesses. Notably, elders dominantly the dominant source of information regarding of the uses of medicinal plants. Keywords: ethnobotanical, ethnic tribes, medicinal plant, traditional knowledge,Publication Tobacco seed as feed extender for broilers(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2009-03) Claro, Jay-ar A.Tabacco seed is a potential source of feed for broiler as feed extender for it contains 20 to 40 % protein. This study was conducted to determine the performance of broilers fed with varying levels of tobacco seed (5%, 10% and 15%) as feed extender. This was conducted at the Poultry Project of the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, North La Union Campus, College of Agriculture, Bacnotan, La Union from November 22, 2008 to December 13, 2008. A total of 36 heads of 14 days old broilers was used in the study. The chicks were distributed at random into the four treatments following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Based on the result of the study, broilers fed with varying levels of tobacco seed as feed extender comparably performed with those fed with pure broiler starter mash in terms of final weight, gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency and profit above feed, medicine, and stock cost.Publication Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes of goats (Capra hircus) in Ilocos Sur during the dry season(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Suyat, Mark Ian F.The study was conducted to: 1) identify the gastrointestinal helminthes of goats in Ilocos Sur during the dry season; 2) identify the Strongyle-type species of nematodes through larval culture; 3) determine the prevalence rate of gastrointestinal helminthes of goats in Ilocos Sur during the dry season; and 4) determine the degree of gastrointestinal helminth infection of goats in Ilocos Sur during the dry season. A total of 200 goats regardless of sex and age were used in the study. Ten (10) municipalities were randomly selected as areas of study. These were the towns of Candon, Galimuyod, Narvacan, Salcedo, Santiago, San Esteban, Santa Cruz, Santa Lucia, Santa Maria and Tagudin. Gastrointestinal helminthes were identified and determined using Modified Stoll’s method, McMaster Technique of fecalysis and larval culture of nematodes at the Institute of Veterinary Medicine Parasitology Laboratory, DMMMSU-NLUC, Bacnotan, La Union. All the data gathered were tabulated and statistically analyzed using means, frequency counts and percentages. There were six (6) gastrointestinal helminthes identified in Ilocos Sur during the dry season which include Strongyle-type, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Moniezia, Fasciola species and Amphistomes. The Strongyle-type species identified through larval culture were the Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and Cooperia species. Strongyle-type species had the highest prevalence rate of 52% while Amphistomes had the least with a prevalence rate of 7%. All of the goats under study recorded light degree of gastrointestinal parasite infection during the dry season.Publication Prevalence of ectoparasites of goats (Capra hircus) in Ilocos Sur during the dry season(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Sibayan, Glenda M.This study was conducted to (1) identify the different ectoparasites of goats in selected towns of Ilocos Sur during the dry season; (2) determine the prevalence rate of ectoparasite infested goats of Ilocos Sur during the dry season; (3) determine the most prevalent species of ectoparasite of goats during the dry season in selected towns of Ilocos Sur. Two hundred (200) goats from ten (10) towns of Ilocos Sur were used in the identification of the ectoparasites of. The collected and preserved ectoparasites were identified at the Parasitology Laboratory of Institute of Veterinary medicine (IVM), Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU), North La Union Campus (NLUC), Bacnotan, La Union. Data were tabulated and analyzed using frequency counts, means and percentages. Data on the most prevalent species were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results of the study showed that three (3) species of ectoparasites were identified in goats at selected towns of Ilocos Sur during the dry season. These were Linognathus stenopsis, Damalinea caprae and Musca domestica .All the goats examined were infested with ectoparasites. Linognathus stenopsis infestation had the highest prevalence rate with 87.5 percent, followed by Damalinea caprae with 45 percent prevalence rate. Goats infested with Musca domestica was the least with a prevalence rate of 6 percent. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between the different species.Publication The anthelminthic effect of decocted neem tree (Azadirachia indica) leaves against gastrointestinal helminthes of goats(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Santos, Webster C.This study was conducted to 1) identify the species of gastrointestinal helminthes present on the experimental animals; 2) determine the efficacy of decocted neem tree leaves against gastrointestinal helminthes of goats; 3) identify the most effective dose of decocted neem tree leaves against gastrointestinal helminthes of goats; and 4) to determine the effect of the different levels of decocted neem tree leaves on the age of the goats. Twenty goats were used in the study. Prior to the treatment, fecal examination was done to determine the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. After the treatment, fecal samples were collected on the first, second, third, seventh, fourteenth and twenty¬ eighth days. Five treatments replicated twice were used in the study. The goats were distributed using the Complete Randomized Design (RCBD). Treatments used were as follows: T0 Notreatment T1 0.4 ml Albendazole (12.5%) per 10 bodyweight T2 2 ml neem tree leaf decoction per kg bodyweight T3 4 nd neem tree decoction pa- kg bodyweight T4 6 ml neem tree leaf decoction per kg bodyweight Strongyloides spp., Strongyle type spp., and Moniezia spp. were the gastrointestinal parasites identified in the experimental animals. The result of the study showed that T4 (6 ml) was found effective with 65.70% efficacy. Tj (2 ml) and T3 (4 ml) were also able to reduce the EPG count of the experimental animals but were both considered ineffective based from the standard criteria. The result also showed that T4(6 ml) was found to be the most effective dose against gastrointestinal nematodes and performed comparably with commercial anthelmintic in terms of reducing the EPG count However, it was found out that none of the different levels of the decoction reduced the EPG count of tapeworm species into acceptable levels. In relation to the age of the goats and percentage efficacy, the result revealed a significant result on day 2 post treatment, however there was no significant effect of the age of goats to the levels of the decoction.Publication Ectoparasiticidal effect of virgin coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil shampoo in dogs(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Pico, May Vanneza B.This study was conducted with the following objectives: (a) to determine the efficacy of VCO shampoo against ectoparasites in dogs; (b) to determine the most effective concentration of VCO shampoo against ectoparasites in dogs; (c) to identify the species of ectoparasites affected by VCO shampoo; and (d) to analyze the cost of producing VCO shampoo as compared with the commercial ectoparasiticidal dog shampoo. A total of sixty dogs (30 dogs for ticks, louse and fleas and 30 dogs for mites), regardless of sex, age and breed were used in the study. The experimental dogs were distributed into five treatments and replicated three times with two dogs per replicate using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) for ticks, louse and fleas and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for mites. The Treatments were as follows: T0-, negative control (plain shampoo); T0+, positive control (commercial dog shampoo); T1 (60% VCO shampoo); T2 (70% VCO shampoo); T3 (80% VCO shampoo). Prior to treatment, collection and identification of ectoparasites were done to determine the presence of ticks, fleas and louse. Skin scraping samples were taken to determine the species of mite present, and the mean pre-treatment mite count. The experimental dogs were observed an hour and 24 hours after the application of VCO shampoo to determine the presence or absence of ticks, fleas and louse. Posttreatment mite count was done every after 2 weeks of application. The data gathered were tabulated using means and percentages. The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the level of significance and the differences among the five treatments respectively. The result of the study revealed that VCO shampoo is effective against ticks, louse, fleas and mites in dogs. Eighty percent (80%) VCO shampoo is the most effective concentration in eliminating or reducing the ectoparasites in dogs as early as the 6th week of treatment. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences among the various VCO shampoo concentrations in eliminating the ectoparasites. Virgin Coconut Oil shampoo could affect all the species of ticks, fleas, louse and mites in dogs. Virgin Coconut Oil shampoo is more economical compared to commercial dog shampoo against ectoparasites (ticks, louse, fleas and mites) of dogs.Publication Development and field trial of autogenous escherichia coli vaccine against piglet scour(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Pelotin, Alejandro S., IIThis study was conducted with the following objectives: (a) to develop an effective autogenous E. coli vaccine against piglet scour; (b) to determine the most effective dose of autogenous E. coli vaccine against piglet scour; (c) to determine the performance of piglets passively vaccinated with autogenous E. coli vaccine against piglet scour; and (d) to determine the economic feasibility of using autogenous E. coli vaccine against piglet scour. A total of twenty four gestating sows regardless of breed and number of parity and their subsequent litter were used in the study. They were distributed into four treatments and replicated three times with two sows per replicate following Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments were as follows: To - control (without vaccine); T[ - 107 bacterial cell/dose; T2 - 108 bacterial cell/dose; and T3 - 109 bacterial cell/dose. Escherichia coli was isolated, purified and mass cultivated. It was processed into autogenous vaccine. The vaccine was subjected to sterility and safety tests before administration to gestating sows a month prior to farrrowing. After farrowing, the litter of each sow was observed for the occurrence of diarrhea. Data gathered were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD). Results revealed that autogenous E. coli vaccine can effectively control piglet scour. A concentration of 107 bacterial cell/dose can be used to passively vaccinate piglets against piglet scour. Passive vaccination with autogenous E. coli vaccine affects the performance of piglets. Autogenous E. coli vaccine is cost-effective in the prevention of piglet scour.Publication The efficacy of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) ointment against mange in dogs(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Montero, Gemmalyn B.This study was conducted to: (a) identify the species of mites affected by Lima bean ointment; (b) determine the efficacy of Lima bean ointment against mange in dogs; and (c) determine the most effective concentration of Lima bean ointment against mange in dogs. Twenty four dogs positive of mange regardless of sex and age were used in the study. They were distributed into four treatments and replicated thrice with two dogs per replicate following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Dogs were also classified based on the severity of lesions. Skin scraping was conducted before the application of the different treatments to determine the number and species of mites present. Skin scrapings were done before application of the different treatments and at first to tenth week post-treatment for mite count Extract from fresh Lima bean leaves were used in making the ointment. The ointment was applied to the experimental animals twice a week for eight weeks using the different preparations: T0-Plain Ointment T1-20% Lima bean ointment T2- 25%Lima bean ointment T3- 30% Lima bean ointment The gathered data were tabulated using means and percentages. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and t-Test were used to determine differences among the treatments. Every after application of Lima bean ointment, post-treatment mite count was done on each dog using the same site from the pre-treatment mite count. Results showed that Lima bean ointment is effective against Sarcoptes and Demodex species of mites in dogs. Lima bean ointment is highly effective against mange in dogs with 97.76% efficacy for Ti and T2 and 100% efficacy for T3. Twenty (20%), twenty five (25%), and thirty (30%) percent concentrations of Lima bean ointment were highly effective against mange in dogs.Publication The potential of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) as laboratory culture media for fungi(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Garcia, Joel Francis M.This study was conducted to: a) determine the efficacy of sweet potato utilized as culture media for fungi; b) determine the most effective concentration of sweet potato utilized as culture media for fungi; c) determine the variety of sweet potato that best supports the growth of fungi; and d) determine the economic feasibility of using sweet potato agar media in the cultivation of fungi. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) considering three factors was used in the study. The factors were as follows: Factor A (Variety of sweet potato) UPL Sp 2 (V1), V Sp 2 (V2) and UPL Sp 5 (V3); Factor B (Concentration of sweet potato), 75% (C1), 85% (C2) and 95% (C3); and Factor C (Species of fungi), Candida albicans (F1), Aspergillus niger (F2) and Microsporum canis (F3). Sweet potato tubers were washed, peeled, ground, extracted, oven-dried, pulverized and combined with dextrose, agar powder and water to form a media. Each prepared culture plate was inoculated with the selected fungi and incubated at their required temperatures and periods. Colony size was measured after their incubation period. The data gathered were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results showed that sweet potato agar media has a high potential for the laboratory cultivation of Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Microsporum canis. Concentrations of 75, 85 and 95 percent of sweet potato dextrose agar are effective on the culture of Candida albicans and Microsporum canis. For Aspergillus niger the concentrations of 85 and 95% are more effective than 75% concentration. The UPL Sp 2 (V1), V Sp 2 (V2) and UPL Sp 5 (V3) varieties of sweet potato can be prepared as a culture media for the cultivation of Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Microsporum canis. Producing sweet potato agar media at 75%, 85%, and 95% concentration was economical.Publication Incidence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in selected municipalities of La Union(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Duclayan, Tristan G.The study was conducted with the following objectives: (1) to identify the microfilaria in the experimental dogs; (2) to determine the incidence rate of canine dirofilariasis in the selected municipalities of La Union; (3) to determine the incidence rate of canine dirofilariasis in relation to municipal categories; (3.1) to determine the significant differences in the incidence rate of canine dirofilariasis among the four municipal categories; (4) to determine the incidence rate of canine dirofilariasis in relation to breeds of dogs; and (4.1) to determine the significant differences in the incidence rate of canine dirofilariasis between breeds. This study was conducted in six selected municipalities of La Union from the months of November 2007 to January 2008. Two hundred (200) dogs which were classified into pure breed and mongrel regardless of sex and above six months of age were used in the study. Blood was collected aseptically from each test animal and subjected to Modified Knott’s Method to test the presence of microfilaria. To determine the presence of significant differences, Analysis of Variance and t-Test were used in the study. On the other hand, microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis occurred in pure breed dogs in Agoo, and it occurred in mongrel dogs in Bacnotan and San Juan. Incidence rate of Dirofilaria immitis in selected municipalities in La Union was two percent (2.00%). Partially urban municipalities showed six percent (6.00%) incidence rate in dirofilariasis while urban municipalities registered 1.54% but significant differences were not observed. Both pure breeds and mongrel have equal incidence rates.Publication The anthelmintic effect of decocted tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves against gastrointestinal helminthes of philippine native chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Daoa, Johnny S.This study was conducted to: 1) identify the different species of gastrointestinal helminthes present in the experimental chickens; 2) determine the efficacy of decocted tobacco leaves against gastrointestinal helminthes of native chickens; 3) identify the species of gastrointestinal helminthes affected by decocted tobacco leaves; and 4) to determine the most effective dose of decocted tobacco leaves against gastrointestinal helminthes of native chickens. Seventy-five Philippine native chickens were used in the study. They were randomly distributed into five treatments including the negative and positive controls, replicated three times using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments used were as follows: To'-(negative control) no treatment; To+ (positive control) niclosamide-levamisole combination; Ti - 0.5ml decocted tobacco leaves/kg BW; T2- 1ml decocted tobacco leaves/kg BW and T3- 1.5ml decocted tobacco leaves /kg BW. Prior to treatment, fecal examination was done to determine the pre-treatment EPG count and the species of gastrointestinal helminthes which were further confirmed by adult worm identification at necropsy. They were treated once with decocted tobacco leaves with their corresponding dosages and fecal examinations were done on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days post-treatment. The gastrointestinal helminthes identified were as follows: Ascaridia spp., Capillaria spp., Heterakis spp. and Choanotaenia spp. All levels of decocted tobacco leaves (Tl, T2 and T3) were able to reduce the helminth EPG count based on the standard criteria set by Reik and Keith (1957). On post-treatment Ascaridia spp. and Choanotaenia spp. eggs were eliminated, and the other parasite eggs were still present but all were reduced. The most effective dose was Ti (Iml/kg BW) which was rated highly effective in reducing the helminth EPG count on 21st day post-treatment, with 83.33% efficacy which was comparable to the effect of the commercial anthelmintic.Publication Efficacy of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaf soap against mange in dogs(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Bello, Marabel B.This study was conducted to: (a) identify the species of mites affected by Lima Bean leaf soap; (b) determine the efficacy of Lima bean leaf soap against mange in dogs; and (c) determine the most effective concentration of Lima bean leaf soap against mange in dogs. Twenty four (24) dogs positive of mange regardless of breed, age and sex were used in the study. They were distributed into four treatments and replicated three times with two (2) dogs per replicate using Randomized Complete Block Design. Preparation of Lima bean leaf soap was done at the Pharmacology laboratory. Before the application, skin scrapings were taken from three different sites on the animals to identify the species of mites present and determine their number. They were also classified based on the severity of lesions (light, moderate, severe). The experimental dogs were bathed once a week for six (6) weeks using the different preparations such as the following: TO - Plain soap T1 - 10% Lima Bean leaf soap T2- 15% Lima Bean leaf soap T3 - 20% Lima Bean leaf soap The data were tabulated using means and percentages. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant effect of the treatments. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine the differences among treatments and t-Test was used to compare pre-treatment and post- treatment mite count. Every after application of Lima bean leaf soap, post-treatment mite count was done on each dog using the same site from the pre-treatment mite count. Results showed that all the different concentrations of Lima bean leaf soap were effective against mange with light infestation and T3 and T1 were effective against mange with moderate infestation.Publication Awareness, practices and myths about rabies in La Union(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2008-03) Barroga, Dexter S.This study was conducted to: (1) determine the profile of people usually bitten by dog; (2) determine dog management by owners; (3) determine the level of awareness of people regarding rabies; (4) determine the practices and myths of dog bite victims; and (5) the correlation among demographic profile, dog management, level of awareness, myths and practices of dog bite victims in La Union. The study made use of the descriptive survey research which utilized questionnaire as tool in gathering data. It was carried out in the ten selected towns of La Union. There were two groups of respondents considered in the survey: those bitten by dogs or the dog bite victims and those non-bitten. Random selection of ten respondents from each town for the total of 100 dog bite respondents was done. The same number was also randomly selected to correspond to the non-bitten respondents. The survey questionnaire was dry run or pre-tested among ten dog bite victims from the town of Sta.Cruz, Ilocos Sur, a place which was not covered by the study. Data and information gathered were analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean and correlation ﴾Pearson r﴿ analysis.Publication Occurence of tuberculosis in goats (Capra hircus) raised in La Union(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2007-03) Partible, Jackson S.This study was conducted to: (1) determine the occurrence of tuberculosis in La Union; (2) determine the goats affected with tuberculosis considering age; and (3) determine the goats affected with tuberculosis considering sex. This was conducted in ten (10) randomly selected towns in La Union during the months of November to December, 2006. Eighty (80) goats were used in the study with age and sex considered. Each animal was injected with 0.1 ml of tuberculin antigen at their caudal fold. The injected area was observed 72 ± 6 hours for any reaction. Test results were subjected to T-test to determine their significance. Results showed that 1.25 percent of the goats in La Union were infected with tuberculosis. T-test revealed insignificant difference on the occurrence of tuberculosis between young and adult goats. The same result is true between male and female.Publication Survey on the incidence of infectious diseases of native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the first district of La Union(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2007-03) Masiong, John Danver M.This study was conducted with the following objectives: (1) to identify the common infectious diseases affecting native chickens in the First District of La Union; (2) to determine which locality of the First District of La Union has the highest incidence of infectious diseases in native chickens; and (3) to determine the effect of season (dry and rainy) in the occurrence of infectious diseases of native chickens in the First District of La Union. This study was conducted from October 2006 to March 2007 in six randomly selected towns of the First District of La Union classified as plain areas (San Juan and Bangar), hilly areas (San Gabriel and Sudipen), and coastal areas (San Fernando and Bacnotan). The respondents of the study were the backyard native chicken raisers from the First District of La Union who were raising 10 or more birds. A total of 252 randomly selected native chicken raisers were interviewed using structured questionnaire. The questions were translated in the vernacular to avoid language difficulty. The questionnaire includes the demographic profile of the raisers, native chicken management, health care practice of the respondents and the infectious diseases affecting their native chickens. Results showed that Newcastle Disease, Infectious Coryza, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Fowl cholera, Fowl pox, and Pullorum Disease were the common infectious diseases of native chickens in the First District of La Union. Native chicken in San Fernando were the most highly affected with infectious diseases. Infectious diseases of native chickens occur during dry season.Publication Efficacy of virgin coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil soap against mange in dogs(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2007-03) Mamauag, Christine V.This study was conducted to: (a) determine the efficacy of VCO soap against mange in dogs; (b) determine the most effective concentration of VCO soap against mange in dogs; and (c) identify the species of mites affected by VCO soap. Fifteen mongrel dogs positive of mange regardless of sex and age were used in the study. They were distributed into five treatments and replicated thrice with one dog per replicate using the Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Before the application, skin scrapings were taken from three different sites on the animals to identify the species of mites present and determine their number. The experimental dogs were bathed twice a week for eight weeks using the different preparations such as the following: T0- - 60% Palm Oil soap T0+ -0.3% Amitraz T1 – 50% VCO soap T2 – 60% VCO soap T3 – 70% VCO soap The gathered data were tabulated using means and percentages. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences among the treatments. Every after application of VCO soap, post-treatment mite count was done on each study dogs using the same site from the pre-treatment mite count. Results showed that VCO soap is highly effective against mange in dogs. All the concentrations 50%, 60%, and 70% VCO soap are highly effective against demodectic and sarcoptic mange in dogs. VCO soap is effective against Sarcoptes and Demodex species of mites in dogs.Publication Efficacy of kakawati (Gliricidia sepium) leaf extract soap against mange in dogs(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2007-03) Heruela, Maria Cecilia G.This study was conducted to test the efficacy of the Kakawati leaf extract soap against mange in dogs, to determine the species of mites affected by Kakawati leaf extract soap, to determine the most effective concentration of Kakawati leaf extract soap in reducing the number of mites, and to compare the efficacy of the Kakawati leaf extract soap to commercially available antimange (Amitraz) drug. Thirty (30) mixed breed dogs, regardless of age and sex, were used in the study. Five treatments replicated three times with two animals per replicate were used. The dogs were randomly distributed using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment were as follows: T0-, Plain soap; T0+, 0.3% Amitraz; T1, 10% Kakawati leaf extract soap; T2, 15% Kakawati leaf extract soap; and T3, 20% Kakawati leaf extract soap. Prior to treatment, skin scraping samples were taken from the different sites to determine the presence of Demodex canis and Sarcoptes scabiei var canis, and the mean pre-treatment mite count. Application of the Kakawati leaf extract soap was done after plain soap was applied to remove the debris, crusts and scales, and at the same time facilitates the absorption of the medicated soap. The Kakawati leaf extract soap was lathered throughout the body of the animal for ten minutes, giving emphasis on the affected area. The lather was allowed to remain in the coat of the animal for five minutes before it was rinsed. The animals were bathed once a week for six weeks. Two weeks every after each application of Kakawati leaf extract soap, posttreatment mite count was done on each animal using the same site. Data gathered were tabulated using means and percentages. To determine the differences between treatments, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey, HSD, and t-Test were used. The result of the study revealed that Kakawati leaf extract soap was effective against mange mites of dogs and could reduce the number of Demodex canis and Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. Twenty percent Kakawati leaf extract soap (T3) had the highest efficacy in reducing the number of mites and had a comparable effect with amitraz against mange mites of dogs.