Undergraduate Theses
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Publication Status of coffee farming in La Union, Philippines(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University- North La Union Campus, 2024-05) Bellong, Dynah Ruth D.The study conducted in La Union, Philippines aimed to survey and document the coffee plantations in the area. The research utilized a descriptive research design and a questionnaire to gather data on the socio-demographic profile of coffee plantation farmers, farm practices and management, production, process, distribution, and problems encountered. The results revealed that the majority of respondents were male, married, with an age range of 30-59 years old. Most were engaged in coffee farming for 1-20 years, with a monthly household income of less than Php 10,957. In terms of farm practices, most farmers practiced pruning, weeding, and fertilization, while few engaged in regular watering, applying pesticides/insecticides, and other management activities. The most commonly cultivated variety was Robusta coffee, with almost all farmers harvesting it once a year. The majority reported not having facilities for post-harvest processing and faced various challenges such as insect pests, diseases, drought, lack of capital and technical skills, and low product costs. These findings provide valuable insights into the coffee farming industry in La Union and can inform future interventions and support services for coffee farmers in the area.Publication Effectiveness of Rice (Oryza sativa) Hull ash (RHA) as partial replacement of cement in the properties of concrete exposed in coastal conditions(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2023-05) Amoyen, Jinggoy M.The silica content of the ricehull ash (RHA) gives it the pozzolanic property which makes it a suitable replacement for ordinary Portland cement. This study aimed to determine the effect of RHA, as partial cement replacement, on concrete's workability, permeability, and compressive strength. Also, it aimed to compare the changes in compressive strength before and after exposure to coastal conditions and perform a cost analysis of concrete mixtures. This experiment used three treatments (5%, 10%, 15%) level of RHA, a partial replacement to cement. This study concludes that replacing cement with RHA resulted in low workability and lower chloride penetration. Also, replacing cement of up to 10% RHA has comparable compressive strength with pure concrete before exposure to coastal conditions. Replacing 5% to 15% of RHA has comparable compressive strength with pure concrete after exposure to coastal conditions. Using RHA replacement has a lower production cost than pure concrete.Publication Design, fabrication, and performace evaluation of Arduino-based Knapsack Urea fertilizaer applicatior for Corn (Zea mays)(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2023-05) Amadeo, Alyssa Mae O.; Buccat, Erica Lyka E.The study was conducted to design, fabricate, and evaluate the performance of Arduino-based Knapsack Urea Fertilizer Applicator. It has four sections which includes the tank assembly, dispenser mechanism assembly, control assembly, and wand assembly which helps to fast-track the manual application of urea fertilizer. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications. The treatments used were the different masses of urea fertilizer to be discharge by the fertilizer applicator. The Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) was used to test the significant difference between treatments. The results of the analysis revealed that the effective field capacity of the machine was 1.56m2/min and the application efficiency was 81.98%. The investment cost of the machine was ₱30,739. The economic analysis revealed that the investment cost could be recovered 509 with a break- even point of 119kg/year and 48.6% return on investment per year.Publication Socio-economic impact of enhanced national greening program of the department of environment and natural resources in Bagulin La Union, Philippines(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University- North La Union Campus, 2024-05) Begnaden, Loida V.This study evaluated the socio-economic impact of the Enhanced National Greening Program in Bagulin, La Union, Philippines. The study aimed to determine the personal profiles of the respondents, their socio-economic status before, during, and after the program, the problems they encountered during the program, and their perceived solutions to these problems. The research was conducted using descriptive statistics, with data collected through interviews and direct observation. Majority of the respondents were male and all of them are poor before the program, some were low-income class but not poor during the program, and decreased in income after the program. On the other hand, the main problems encountered were the sites affected by calamities and its corresponding estimated cost of destruction (fires, typhoon, etc.) while the main perceived solution was surveying before planting.Publication Fern diversity in Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University forest reserve, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University- North La Union Campus, 2024-05) Abunan, Jericho T.This research assessed the diversity, conservation status, and endemism of ferns in the Forest Reserve of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University- North La Union Campus, Sapilang, Bacnotan, La Union. Two repeated transect walks were done with a total of 26 plots (10 plots from area one and 16 plots from area two). Specimens were collected, identified, and assessed for their conservation status and endemism. The inventory revealed 14 species under five families of ferns in the study area. The study shows that eight were identified as endemic in the Philippines and four were identified as widely distributed not only in the Philippines but also in other countries. The species that has the highest relative density and important value was the Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston, while the species that ranked first in terms of relative frequency was Adiantum philippense L. The species that has the highest fresh and dry weight of all the species is Nephrolepsis acutifolia (Desv) Crists. Moreover, the result of the study showed a high diversity index (0.90) and low level of diversity (2.36). Generally, the study shows the unbalanced distribution of fern species in the DMMMSU Forest Reserve.Publication Development of a compact charcoal briquetting machine from carbonized rice husk(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2026) Acosta, Clayvon D.; Mamaradlo, Daryll C.; Mangoba, Joshua C.; Pimentel, Kyle Anthony A.; Quinzon, Bennie N.This study developed a compact charcoal briquetting machine using carbonized rice husk as a sustainable biomass resource. It aimed to design, fabricate, and evaluate the machine’s performance in terms of production rate, efficiency, briquette quality, and economic viability using a project developmental and experimental approach. The machine, measuring 24.5" × 22" × 34", is powered by a 1 hp motor with a 100:1 gearbox for effective biomass compression. Results showed a production rate of 9 briquettes per 16.364 minutes and an efficiency of 88.52%, indicating reliable operation. The briquettes produced had acceptable fuel properties, with 26.112% moisture content, 9.41% volatile matter, 1.46% ash content, and 63.02% fixed carbon. Economic analysis revealed feasibility, with a break-even point at four units, a payback period of eight months, and a benefit–cost ratio of 1.5. Overall, the machine is technically effective and economically viable for small- to medium-scale use, providing an environmentally friendly solution for converting rice husk waste into fuel.Publication Design and development of molding system for soft plastics into construction boards(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2026) Garcia, Bill Andrei E.; Cabidog, Darreilyn S.; Laurian, Jenvher Rainiel F.; Renon, Ashly R.; Tiri, Hyacinth Irish A.This study presents the development of a molding system for soft plastics into construction boards, which falls under the field of manufacturing and recycling technology. The machine is designed to convert waste soft plastics into useful construction materials such as ceiling boards through an integrated process of melting, compressing, and shaping. The system is composed of key components, including heating elements (heating coils), linear actuators, and a mechanical lever mechanism connected to a lever rod. The heating coils are responsible for melting the shredded soft plastics, while the linear actuators and mechanical lever system provide the necessary compressive force to mold the material into desired shapes. The primary objective of the study is to design and evaluate the performance of the machine in terms of molding and heating speed, as well as molding efficiency. Results of the study demonstrate that the developed system is capable of producing construction boards from recycled soft plastics, contributing to waste reduction and promoting sustainable construction practices.Publication Development and performance of mechanized disposable plastic bottle shredder(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2026-01) Mandap, John John C.; Cortado, Daren T.; Mendoza, Jimuel P.; Paladan, Vanessa J.; Ulidan, Nicole R.Plastic waste, particularly from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and High-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, is an escalating environmental and health concern. Improper disposal of these bottles contributes to pollution and the spread of microplastics. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles are highly engineered materials made from petrochemicals and are typically designed for single-use, meaning they are discarded immediately after use. Upon using repeatedly, certain chemicals in the plastic may leach into food and beverages. Leaching is the transfer of chemicals from the packaging into the contents. In order to reduce the size of PET bottles, the study proposes the Mechanized Disposable Plastic Bottle Shredder (MDPBS). It is powered by a3 HP motor, the machine presents a single-shaft design with spacers attached between steel blades, contributing a solution for small to medium-scale operations. The machine helps manage plastic waste, reduces its volume, and promotes convenient recycling. By addressing the plastic waste problem, the MDPBS contributes to environmental sustainability, lessen the pollution, and supports a circular economy, which benefits both ecosystems and human health.Publication Development of an automated proto-type honey extractor for honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2025-12) Velasco, Julie-Ann G.; Dayag, Justine Rey Patrick L.; Matias, Jude D.; Parrocha, Kent Charles T.; Solamillos, Samuel James C.This study examined the development of an automated prototype honey extractor for honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) to enhance extraction efficiency and reduce manual labor for beekeepers. The study aimed to design and fabricate an automated honey extractor, evaluate its performance, and determine its production cost. A developmental research design was employed, involving the design, fabrication, testing, and evaluation of the prototype. The extractor was constructed from stainless steel and powered by a ¼-hp electric motor capable of extracting honey from six shallow hive frames at once through centrifugal force. Performance testing was conducted at the National Apiculture Research, Training and Development Institute (NARTDI) in Bacnotan, La Union. The machine was evaluated based on extraction efficiency, throughput capacity, operating time, and rotational speed at extraction durations of one to four minutes. Data were analyzed using arithmetic mean and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results showed extraction efficiency ranging from 96.65% to 100%, with the highest throughput capacity of 5.14 kg/min achieved during the first minute of operation. ANOVA results indicated that extending extraction time beyond one minute did not produce a statistically significant increase in honey yield. The total fabrication cost was ₱27,008.48, demonstrating economic feasibility. Overall, the prototype provides efficient extraction.Publication Electrical audit of College of Engineering Building DMMMSU – MLUC(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2025-04) Malamion, Yesha D.; Angelew, Annie Murrey S.; Arsitio, Mark Darrel T.; Ormita, Jerome Claude C.; Ramos, Christeane Jhoyce P.This study highlights the importance of electrical audits as a strategic approach to improving energy efficiency and reducing operational costs in industrial settings, particularly in universities. Conducted at Don Mariano Memorial State University, Mid La Union Campus – College of Engineering building, the audit focused on evaluating the building's energy consumption, excluding the heating and ventilation system. Using a descriptive-evaluative research design, the study analyzed energy usage patterns, including lighting, electrical equipment, insulation, and overall energy management practices through various electrical testing tools. The audit found that while most over- current protection devices complied with the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), issues were identified with the insulation resistance of conductors, which failed to meet PEC standards. As technological advancements led to more equipment being installed, proper evaluation became crucial. It aims to propose practical recommendations to reduce energy wastage, optimize consumption, and enhance sustainability, ultimately supporting more cost- effective and environmentally responsibleinfrastructure management.Publication Efficient multi-dryer technology for umbrellas and shoes(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2025-04) Estoque, Eliseo D. Jr.; Iserio, Michael John R.; Javillonar, Joshua A.; Miguel, Liezl S.; Ordoña, Claire A.The study investigated the development and implementation of an efficient multi-dryer technology for umbrellas and shoes to address challenges posed by the humid Philippine climate. The increasing unpredictability of weather patterns has caused difficulties for Filipinos in drying personal items, potentially leading to health risks from damp environments, such as the growth of mold, bacteria, and fungi. This research emphasized the need for innovative and energy-efficient drying solutions to enhance indoor hygiene. The study outlined the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a dual-purpose dryer that effectively dried umbrellas and shoes concurrently, improving user convenience and maintaining cleanliness in high-traffic areas. A quantitative methodology, including controlled testing, time trials, and user satisfaction surveys, assessed the dryer's efficiency in terms of drying time and energy consumption. A cost-benefit analysis provided insights into the technology's economic viability. The efficient multi-dryer technology for umbrellas and shoes was positioned as a practical solution for Filipino households and public spaces, contributing positively to personal health and environmental hygiene.Publication Design and development of a biomass-powered rotary multi-layer palay dryer with time control(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2026-04) Cruz, Lloyd Ronald C.; Dacumos, Klein Stuart L.; Gadut, Aldwin Russel G.; Galvez, Joshua F.; Leal, Renniel Patrick S.Rice production in rural areas continues to experience significant post-harvest losses due to inefficient traditional drying practices, adversely affecting both food security and farmer income. This study aimed to design, fabricate, and evaluate a biomass-powered rotary multi-layer palay dryer with timer control to improve drying efficiency and minimize reliance on open-air sun drying in La Union, Philippines. A developmental research approach was employed in the construction of the prototype, incorporating rotary drum motion, multi-layer tray configuration, and rice husk as a renewable biomass fuel for efficient heat generation. Experimental evaluation focused on drying time, throughput capacity, drying efficiency, and moisture uniformity. Results demonstrated that the system effectively reduced the moisture content of palay to the recommended safe storage level of 13–14%. The developed dryer exhibited enhanced operational efficiency, reduced labor requirements, improved grain quality, and favorable economic potential, indicating its suitability as a sustainable post-harvest drying technology.Publication Smart grain pulverizer(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2025) Aspillaga, Arnel L.; Dagusen, Jhomar D.; Gayo, Larica Gabrielle O.; Iglesia, Hazel Mae G.; Villalon, Divina Allyson AThe smart grain pulverizer is a two-stage design that maximizes grinding efficiency and minimizes variability in particle size, with adjustable parameters such as blade speed. Present market conditions show that demand for pulverized grains, particularly wheat, is projected to increase significantly in the Philippines. Existing research frequently overlooks user experience, including usability and maintenance issues encountered by farmers and processors. The aim is to satisfy the increased demand for pulverized grains in the Philippines, effectively meeting both consumer needs and agricultural sustainability. Along with the employment of smart technology, such as motor current sensors, it enhances working efficiency and safety, as well as making considerable cost savings via predictive maintenance and energy optimization. It is made for a portable pulverizer for home-based entrepreneurs and small business owners. The technology can generate huge savings for farmers by reducing energy costs and lowering labor costs while improving product quality, which can fetch higher market prices.Publication Design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a Honey filter machine(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2023-05) Alzaro, Jake T.; Ducusin, Aileen M.; See, Maelin G.; See, Maerill G.Farmers in the Philippines still practice manual filtration of honey which is time consuming. Therefore, it is necessary to develop innovative filtration technology for a faster filtration process. Hence, the study aimed to design, fabricate, and evaluate the performance of a honey filter machine and was evaluated with the following parameters: filtering capacity, percent loss, and filtering efficiency. The research design used was Development Research Design with three treatments (speed of the auger) and three replications. ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD were needed to determine the significant difference between treatments using the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research. Based on the results of the analysis, the highest filtering capacity of the machine (42.46 kg/hr) was obtained at 9 rpm (Treatment 3) auger speed but produced the maximum percent loss (12.19%) and minimum efficiency (71.11%). The machine’s investment cost was ₱81,601.00 and could be recovered in 4 years with ₱500.98 kg/year break-even point.Publication Tower type hydrophonic system for Bush type Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum l.)(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2023-05) Adtuon, Maria Elena C.; Torres, Geri Mae Leera P.Demand for food production puts stress on land, water, and other natural resources. Hydroponics and vertical farming allow small farmers to grow food using these limited resources. The study aimed to determine the effect of tower type hydroponic system on the growth and yield of tomato in terms of height of tomato, number, weight and ripeness of fruits. Water use efficiency, benefit-cost ratio and payback period were also computed. The research used Randomized Complete Block Design with three treatments and three replications, each treatment having different number of plants. Significant result was obtained on the height of tomato 7 DAT with treatment 2 (17.78cm) showing the fastest growth rate, while in terms of the number and weight of marketable fruits, ripeness of fruits, and water use efficiency, the three treatments were comparable. Using 5 plants per tower, the benefit-cost ratio is 3.20, while the payback period is 1,369 days.Publication Effectiveness of pulverized Oyster shell (Ostreidae) as a partial replacement of cement in the properties of concrete exposed in coastal condition(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2023-07) Aaron, Reymar G.This study was conducted to evaluate the properties of concrete with pulverized oyster shell as partial replacement. Specifically, it aimed to compare the concrete properties of different mixtures with 5%, 10%, and 15% pulverized oyster shell replacement in terms of workability and permeability, determine the compressive strength of different mixtures before and after exposure to coastal conditions, and perform cost analysis to the best treatment of concrete mixtures. Results revealed that the workability of the mixture decreases as the percentage of pulverized oyster shell increases. Meanwhile, the partial replacement of 5% and 10% of pulverized oyster shell to cement has a higher compressive strength than pure concrete. The partial replacement of 5% and 10% has a lower production cost than pure concrete.Publication Effectiveness of Fly ash as partial replacement of cement in the properties of concrete exposed in coastal condition(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - North La Union Campus, 2022) Diaz, Abner Dave R.The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of fly ash (FA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete properties under coastal conditions. Specifically, the study compared the properties of concrete mixtures with 10%, 20%, and 25% fly ash replacement before and after exposure to coastal conditions. The properties examined included workability, permeability, and compressive strength. Additionally, a cost analysis of the different concrete mixtures was conducted. The treatments were replicated using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and data were collected before and after exposure to coastal conditions. The changes in concrete properties were analyzed to determine the effects of partial replacement. Results showed that concrete mixtures containing fly ash required longer curing time than pure concrete, but after exposure to coastal conditions, their compressive strength increased significantly. Cost analysis revealed that concrete mixtures with partial replacements of fly ash had lower production costs than pure concrete.Publication Development of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) sausage(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2016) Regunay, Florence P.; Valdez, Anabella G.; Lopez, Shirley O.; Estabillo, Imma Concepcion G.; Rivera, Joan V.The study aimed to develop and standardize golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) sausage and evaluate its sensory qualities, physicochemical properties, microbiological qualities, and profitability. Three formulations were prepared using vinegar, lime extract, and turmeric powder. The standardized product was evaluated by trained and consumer-type panelists and subjected to laboratory analyses. The sausage was found acceptable to the panelists, with the lime-extract treatment receiving the highest mean score among the trained panelists. The reported analyses included a pH of 8.2, water activity of 0.93, moisture content of approximately 46.93%, crude protein of 18.45 g/100 g, crude fat of 15.24 g/100 g, and crude ash of 9.82 g/100 g. The aerobic plate count was reported as 4,800 CFU/g, and Salmonella was absent in a 25 g sample. The study also evaluated packaging materials and profitability. Cataloging note: The thesis contains inconsistent figures for moisture content, return on investment, and payback period across the abstract, results, and summary. The abstract values above are retained as reported rather than silently reconciled.Publication Development and standardization of mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) mixes(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2014) Quinoñes, Emmanuel P.; Valdez Anabella G.; Valdez Anabella G.; Lopez, Shirley O.; Estabillo, Imma Concepcion G.; Malig, VirginiarThe study aimed to develop and standardize mushroom mixes made from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and evaluate their sensory qualities, physicochemical properties, microbiological qualities, and profitability. Two formulations were prepared: plain and spicy mushroom mixes. The mushrooms were cooked with the other ingredients, spread in pans, dehydrated, and packaged. The products were evaluated by trained and consumer panelists. Both formulations were acceptable, with the spicy formulation receiving better overall preference in the study's findings. The standardized mushroom mixes had a pH of 4.3, water activity of 0.49, moisture content of 6.67%, crude protein of 4.87%, crude fat of 6.30%, and crude ash of 23.90%. Yeast and mold counts were below 100 CFU/g, while the aerobic plate count was below 250 CFU/g. The study reported a return on investment of 26.02% and a projected payback period, although the period differs between sections of the thesis.Publication Data-driven business analytics platform for alumni relations unit integrated services(Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – Mid La Union Campus, 2025-11) Malamion, Edelvar A.; Sapuay-Guillen, Sheena I.; Nisperos, Zhella Anne V.; Cadaoas, Genevieve C.; Ochoa, Mark Anthony C.Increasing demands for institutional development necessitate data-driven approaches 10 alumni relations. This study addressed operational challenges at the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University — Mid La Umon Campus, specifically jn data Tracking and report generation. The research aimed 10 develop a web-based Dara-Driven Business Analytics Platform to enhance decision-making and service integration. Employing descriptive and developmental methods, the system was built using an Iterative and Incremental Model with PW, JavaScript, and SQL The platform features data visualization, role-based access, and automated reporting. Evaluation via the 1M)/IEC 25010:2011 model yielded a grand mean 01465, signifying "Excellent" quality and user acceptance. Results confirmed that integrating business analytics effectively bridges data collection gaps and strengthens engagement. Future iterations may incorporate predictive analytics and cloud infrastructure to further optimize university operations.