DMMMSU External Publications

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Acceptability assessment of a locally developed onion harvester hand tractor in La Union, Philippines
(E3S Web of Conferences, 2023) Abad, Rosalinda L.; Buccat, Hipolito C.; Tam-awen, Zion Jemillinium S.; Pagaduan, Jessica A.
Onion farmers’ attitude toward a locally developed onion harvester in the Philippines has been unstudied due to the unavailability of the machine. Based on a respondent of 26 onion farmers, an acceptability assessment of the onion harvester was implemented. Data were gathered using questionnaires at two activities of actual hands-on operation and lectures and analyzed using fisher’s exact test. The ease of operation, cleaning and maintenance, safety of operation, ease of transport, technical field performance, adaptability, and investment viability were relevant attributes used in the acceptability of the onion harvester. The majority of the respondents positively accept the onion harvester. The user operation, cleaning and maintenance, ease of transport, adaptability, and investment viability are correlated positively to the willingness to buy or rent the machine. Conversely, user safety, technical performance, and aesthetics are not correlated with adoption. Since 38.5% of the farmers have no hand tractor, the preferred acquisition is renting the onion harvester.
Apiculturists’ issues and challenges:
(IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019) Kupsch, Stephan; Palaoag, Thelma D.; Balcita, Amy
The most significant activity of honey bees, as far as advantages to people, is their pollination of natural vegetation. Bees and other pollinators seem to be declining globally. Beekeeping in the Philippines is a thriving industry that perfectly matches the natural landscape of the country. The goal of this study was to define the challenges and issues of Apiculturists in the Philippines where-in an IT approach was formulated to address these issues. Up to now, there is no initiative Information Technology approach in the beekeeping industry in the Philippines. Design thinking has been used as methodology in this study. Several challenges and issues were determined, and it is stated that the main problem to be addressed in order for the bee colonies to have a longer lifespan is its Apiary Location, an IT solution via Drone Technology with a Computer Vision approach was proposed named as Apiary Locator. A proposed framework of the Apiary Locator has been prepared. It is then recommended for the Apiary Locator to be developed as it shall benefit the apiculturists of the Philippines. Also, it will be a basis for developing IT solutions for the Beekeeping industry.
Bridging the gap:
(RECOLETOS Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2024-03-18) Bustos, Ronald
This study looks at how the present skills need, the dynamic labor market shifts in the Philippines, and the academic programs promoted by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) connect. The study uses document analysis, guided by Cleary et al.'s (2017) Skills Alignment approach, to link high-demand skills and key economic sectors with CHED's prioritized programs. Using the most recent Labor Market Information reports and the CHED Memorandum Order No. 10, series of 2021, the results show that engineering, IT education, and business degrees significantly aligned with the digital economy, in-demand employment, and rising industries. Nonetheless, there are gaps where specific jobs tangentially align with the initiatives that CHED prioritizes. This paper offers suggestions on how to better align academic programs with the changing needs of the labor market.
Community-based apiculture enterprise:
(DMMMSU Research and Extension Journal, 2023-12) Bondot, George T.; Masiong, Pablo L.; Antolin, Merlito T.
Beekeeping projects fail due to several factors, including insufficient food supply (nectar and pollen) and the presence of pests and diseases, among others. Hence, rapid appraisal of bee pasture areas is vital for the success of an apiary establishment. The study aimed to rapidly assess the communities’ potential for apiculture enterprise, specifically in the municipalities of Tubod, Lala, and Sapad, Lanao del Norte, Philippines. Gathered data and information were recorded through on-site ocular inspection and interviews with some community folks using the rapid appraisal instrument. Results revealed that the communities in the municipalities of Tubod (44.78) and Sapad (43.80) were appraised to be favorable for apiculture enterprise, while the communities in the municipality of Lala (41.80) were appraised neutral for apiculture enterprise. The appraised resource factor parameters favorable for apiculture were; vegetation for bee foraging, the area available for bee foraging, road accessibility, transportation services, electricity service, and irrigation facilities. Other factors were neutral, with a few appraised as less favorable but could easily be made favorable with appropriate management intervention. The importance of rapid appraisal results of the study served as baseline information in providing timely, relevant, and actionable information that supports effective decision-making and response efforts in future beekeeping project establishment.
Comparative analysis of skills in pickleball and lawn tennis
(International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope (IRJMS), 2026) Demot, Ana Maria L.
This study evaluated the health profiles and body mass index (BMI) of older individuals while comparing their skill levels in pickleball and lawn tennis, with emphasis on serving, dinking, volleying, forehand, and backhand techniques. Twenty individuals, ten from Agoo, La Union, Philippines and ten from Asingan, Pangasinan, Philippines who were 60 years of age or older, were purposefully chosen. A questionnaire and skill evaluations utilizing the USAPA Player Skill Rating Definitions were used to gather data, which were then assessed by seasoned coaches and senior technical officials. Descriptive statistics analyzed BMI and health conditions, weighted means assessed skill levels, and the MannWhitney U test determined significant differences between the sports. Results showed that 80% of participants had normal BMI, with common health concerns including eyesight problems (55%), arthritis (45%), and diabetes (20%), suggesting that regular participation in racket sports supports physical health and functional independence. Skill assessments revealed that pickleball players generally achieved higher ratings in serving, volleying, and forehand classified as “Advanced Competitive”, while lawn tennis players excelled in forehand due to repeated rallying and servevolley drills, with overall skill levels classified as “Advanced Intermediate.” Significant differences were observed in serving, dinking, backhand, and forehand skills, reflecting the distinct technical demands of each sport, while volleying showed no significant difference. These findings highlight that engagement in racket sports enhances technical proficiency, coordination, reaction time, and overall physical and mental well-being in older adults, supporting their inclusion in community-based recreational programs to promote healthy aging.
Deep residual U-Net based lung image segmentation for lung disease detection
(IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020) Mique, Eusebio L., Jr.; Malicdem, Alvin R.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that by the year 2030, lung disorders such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) would be one of the leading cause of death all over the world. Consequently, accurate and timely detection of lung diseases may prevent further death. It is therefore vital that the early detection may lead to treatment and prevention of mortality among patients. However, there are only a minimum number of experts or well-trained radiologists reading Chest X-Ray (CXR) that delays the timely diagnosis of lung diseases. In order to aid the radiologist in reading CXR images, a computer-aided tool is proposed. Before the processing of images, it needs to be segmented to make it easier for the machine to understand. This study is focused on developing a model that will segment the lung from CXR images. Using Residual U-Net (ResUnet) architecture based semantic segmentation, the researchers were able to develop and train a model using a set of 562 CXR images and lung mask images, 70% of the images were used as training data and 30% as test data. The model was trained with 40 epochs and a batch size of 16. Dice coefficient was used to assess the similarity of the segmented result and the ground truth mask. The developed model has achieved a Dice coefficient of 0.9860. The developed model can then be used in classifying lung diseases by focusing on the segmented image rather than focusing on the entire CXR image.
DEH-DoSv6:
(Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2021-02) Naagas, Marlon A.; Malicdem, Alvin R.; Palaoag, Thelma D.
With the rapid depletion of IPv4 protocol in these recent years, the IETF introduced IPv6 as a solution to address the exhaustion, however, as a new protocol exists, new characteristics have been introduced and new threats have been discovered. Extension Headers are the new characteristics of IPv6 that have an emerging and re-emerging security threats that is needed to be taken into consideration during the full migration to the IPv6 network. This study revealed that up to this moment, the popular vendors are still vulnerable and doesn’t have any default protection to deal with extension headers’ Denial of Service Attack (DoS). Also, this study leads to the development of new security model which creates a new solution to address the emerging threats of IPv6 extension headers’ Denial of Service Attack. Moreover, the results of this study show that our proposed security model is more effective in terms of neutralizing the unwanted traffic causing evasion attack by filtering, rate-limiting and discarding the malformed packets of prohibited extension headers’ payload versus the traditional router protection.
Design architecture of a student co-curricular activity management platform
(International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019-09) Malicdem, Alvin R.; Perilla, Fernandino S.
This paper introduces a design architecture of a co-curricular activity management platform for students. Becauseof the absence of features in existing learning management platforms to manage co-curricular activities that educational institutions have to offer, these learning management platforms are not fitted to be utilized. One of the essential circumstances for raising qualified and prepared students in this day and age is to guarantee their interest and participation in social activities. In the education aspect, social activities are co-curricular activities earlier known as extracurricular activities, which are components of non academic curriculum that helps to create different facets of character improvement of students. Quantitative research particularly descriptive research using survey questionnaires and guided interviews, Intensive literature review on published studies and articles, and latest information technology reviews were conducted to come up with an appropriate design architecture to improve student’s engagement in co-curricular activities. Integrating the ideas and insights gathered on the conducted study, a new design architecture for a co-curricular activity management platform was proposed. In order to evolve architecture continually, the new design provided greater flexibility for development teams that decreases development cycle times by allowing them to update modules of the platform independently without affecting the other parts, and also the design responded to the needs of the users, and integrated emerging ICT trends. The tailor fitted design architecture of the platform addressed the specific needs of its end-users, thus providing students more convenient experience and opportunities to engage in co-curricular activities provided by higher educational institutions.
Development and characterization of vitamin C-loaded chitosan/alginate microcapsules for enhanced oral immunostimulation in aquaculture
(International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, January 31, 2026) Quiazon, Karl Marx A.; Gagelonia, Jefferson D.; Padron, Aries Paul D.; Kindipan, Cherry Ann; Damian, Kae M.; Bautista, Jefferson C.; Hoggang, Cheryl Grace B.; Mateo Jr., Roberto J.; Eugenio, Paul Jhon G.; Monserate, Juvy J.; Tadeo, Faith S.; Entoma, Aphrodite S.; Arevalo, Benyl John A.; Macaraeg, Niko A.; Choresca, Casiano H., Jr.
Immunostimulants are widely used in aquaculture to enhance host immune responses and improve disease resistance. Vitamin deficiencies, by contrast, are primarily prevented or corrected through dietary vitamin supplementation. Notably, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), although a vitamin, is also frequently studied as an immunostimulant due to its immunomodulatory effects. In parallel, oral vaccination has emerged as a promising strategy for mass immunization in aquaculture because it is easy to administer, reduces handling stress, and can be cost-effective. However, harsh gastrointestinal conditions can degrade orally administered bioactives before they elicit a measurable immune response. Moreover, vitamin C is one of the most commonly utilized immunostimulants administered orally, yet its sensitivity to the environment poses a major problem during fish immunization due to leaching. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize a biopolymer-based microencapsulation system using a chitosan–alginate biopolymer system for the effective oral delivery of vitamin C as an immunostimulant in tilapia. A Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of key formulation parameters, sodium alginate concentration, vitamin C concentration, and gelling time on encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Results showed that these variables significantly affected both %EE and %LC. The optimal formulation comprised 1.0% sodium alginate and 0.05 ppm vitamin C with immediate gelation, achieving 84.19% EE and 0.471% LC. Spectrophotometric and thermogravimetric analyses confirmed successful vitamin C encapsulation, and the optimized microcapsules exhibited uniform morphology and excellent stability. This microencapsulation strategy demonstrates strong potential for enhancing the oral delivery of vitamin C (and potentially other labile immunostimulants) in tilapia.
Diversification of Philippine silk products for greater marketability and profitability
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2023-11-10) Higoy, Jocelyn Q.; Obille, Pura S.
The production, saleability, profitability, and product preferences must be evaluated in order to serve as benchmark references in developing enhanced and diverse silk products that are tailored to their demands in order to increase profitability. There was a significant volume of production and sales on silk items, notably silk fabric, which remained the top sales earner, followed by sablay rentals and novelty products, earning the highest net revenue of P 306,858.14, P 98,000.00, and P 52,514.00, respectively. Sericulture product profitability demonstrated ROIs of 57.82%, 45.45%, and 30.52% for novelty goods, sablay rentals, and silk fabric, respectively. Silk fabric was loved and purchased by the majority of respondents (77.5%), followed by novelty products (18.33%). These were purchased due to the design and craftsmanship (27.4 5), color (24.17%), and general attractiveness (21.67%) of the products. These sericulture products have the potential to greatly contribute to the industry’s growth and development. Factors affecting the customers’ product preference and saleability were age, educational attainment, gender and income which indicate that customers’ purchasing decisions are influenced by their age and educational level, with mature and educated individuals appreciating craftsmanship, color, and product acceptability. Furthermore, gender significantly impacts the saleability of products hence, marketers should understand gender differences in decision-making styles, as females tend to buy more sericulture products, valuing silk as the “Queen of all Textiles”. The respondents’ higher income indicates their ability to purchase high-quality silk products, particularly silk fabrics, which are often considered more expensive than other fabrics. The study proposes that sericulture is a profitable and productive industry that can be further developed by SRDI and other small businesses through continuous improvement and product innovation
Diversified sericulture products:
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2022) Obra, Elizabeth P.; Ancheta, Lilia A.; Dacayanan, Merlita A.; Damasco, Crestilyn N.
This study explored the production of diversified sericulture products, wine and wine vinegar utilizing mulberry fruits that were analyzed and evaluated. The mulberry fruit wine had sweet, alcohol-like odor while the mulberry wine vinegar had light pungent odor and both possessed dark purple color. The wine’s chemical properties - pH, total acidity, volatile acids, ethanol and methanol were within the Philippine standards so with wine vinegar that included pH, total acidity and ash content except for the total solids attributed to the accumulated impurities which could be corrected through filtration. Sensory evaluation of the wine was described as “Good” in terms of appearance, aftertaste, aroma & bouquet, taste and texture while the wine vinegar was generally “Liked” in terms of appearance, color, texture, flavor, taste and acceptance. It implied that mulberry fruit wine and wine vinegar are potential and viable sericulture diversified products which can be adopted as source of additional income for sericulture farmers along with cocoon production and in sustaining and accelerating the development of sericulture industry.
Diversity assessment of fruit-bearing tree species in Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University forest reserve
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2024-03-18) Lozano, Angelo L.; Gimeno, Mark Jerome L.; Poclis, Cindy E.; Villareal, Jayric F.; Cortado, Mark G.
This study was conducted to determine the diversity of fruit-bearing tree species in Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU) Forest Reserve. Specifically, the study aimed to inventory the fruit bearing tree species present in DMMMSU Forest Reserve, classify the fruit-bearing tree species in the study area, identify their conservation status, compute their importance value, and determine their distribution through diversity indices. There were 12 quadrats established with a dimension of 20 m x 20 m each. The study area was selected based on the presence of wide range of vegetation in DMMMSU Forest Reserve. There are 473 individual species identified at DMMMSU Forest Reserve belonging to 14 families with 24 species. One species recorded, Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f. Verbenaceae, was listed as endangered species. Coffea spp. had the highest density and importance value, and Mangifera indica L. had the highest frequency. The diversity indices had a relative value of moderate and high degree of diversity. Continuous protection of the Forest Reserve is therefore recommended. Planting of additional fruit-bearing tree species in the area with low diversity indices are recommended to increase diversity. Areas within the Forest Reserve with low plant diversity were recommended for planting and assisted natural regeneration programs using species with high importance value. Regular monitoring should be conducted in the Forest Reserve to assess the changes in diversity of fruit-bearing tree species to support decision-making and policy formulations.
Efficacy of plant extracts against Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2023) Tabafunda, Minerva J.; De Castro, David T.; Pajarillo, Rolyne Mae C.; Soliba, Mishima P.; Garcia, Adora A.; Acosta, Mac Donald C.; Dangle, Emmanuel O.
The acaricidal and insecticidal effects of 12 selected botanicals against Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera were investigated. Crude ethanol leaf extract of botanicals was tested for acute toxicity using the full exposure method in a 16×4×3 Factorial Complete Randomized Design including negative control (water) and three commonly used chemical miticides (amitraz, tau fluvalinate, and thymol). The results revealed four promising miticides whose efficacy of plant extract, as measured by LC50, was in the following order of potency: Ocimum basilicum (biday)(15.80)> Vitex negundo (lagundi) (23.79) > Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) (27.73) >Gliricidia sepium (28.83). Due to their high selectivity index, they are also considered less toxic to honey bees.
EL-service-YU:
(2021 1st International Conference in Information and Computing Research (iCORE), 2021) Ancheta, Allan Daryl A.; Catbagan, Janica Suzzanne M.; De Guzman, Irene T.; Hortizuela, Manny Rimorin; Pulido, Jahp D.
This study focused on the development of EL-service-YU: AN ANDROID MOBILE APPLICATION FOR ERRAND SERVICES which aimed to provide more job opportunities and at the same time help people to lighten up their tasks. El-service-Yu sought answers to the following objectives: develop the Value Proposition Canvas and Business Canvas Model and validate its acceptability using convenience and quota sampling; develop an android mobile errand service application using agile extreme programming; and determine the level of acceptability using ISO/IEC 25010-2011-SQUARE. Design Science Research Methodology was used as research design to develop the required artifact of the study along with extreme programming framework as the software development methodology. Like what you’re reading?
Elevating sericulture:
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 2025-02) Apilado, Leonora P.; Hufalar, Julius Peter M.; Nillo, Rofolfo G.
The Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Sericulture Research and Development Institute (DMMMSU-SRDI) in Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines, advocates the application of optimal sericulture techniques at extension sites to boost the income of seri-farmers, particularly those from marginal sectors. A prime example is the Sericulture Demonstration Project Farm (Seri-Farm) in Barangay Lioac Sur, Naguilian, La Union, which has successfully operated for over a decade (2011–2022) and remains active today. The farm serves as a dynamic showcase of innovative sericulture technologies, promoting sustainable agriculture, rural livelihood improvement, and economic development. Seri-farmers diversified their activities, engaging in grain and vegetable farming, animal husbandry, sugarcane cultivation, and vinegar/winemaking, with sericulture as a complementary endeavor. The initiative provided employment opportunities for out-of-school youth and community workers while catering to both domestic and international silk markets. The farm’s medium-textured soil, high nutrient content, and favorable weather during most rearing seasons supported high-value cocoon production, though larval performance was affected in 2017 by disease and climate change. Over its 11-year span, the Seri-Farm achieved significant results, completing 31 rearing cycles and producing 392.7 kg of fresh cocoons, generating a total income of PhP94,935.00. Additionally, allied products such as cuttings, saplings, seeds, novelty items, fruit beverages, vinegar, wine, and compost contributed PhP176,215.00, underscoring the economic potential of integrated sericulture farming systems.
Employability of forestry graduates:
(The Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 2024) Cortado, Jay Mark G.
Employability is a measure of the effectiveness of an academic program in the quality of its graduates. However, insufficient data on employability of forestry graduates are still observed, particularly in northern Philippines. Hence, the study aimed to trace the employment of BS Forestry (BSF) graduates in DMMMSU from 2015 to 2022. The study used descriptive research design to describe the BSF graduates' socio-demographic characteristics, educational background, and initial employment profile. Survey was employed as data collection method, and quantitative techniques were used for analysis. Results revealed that majority of graduates were female and had been awarded college scholarships; some graduated with honours and awards. Majority were licensed foresters, while very few had other professional eligibilities. Most were employed at least once after graduation and were professional contractual employees of companies, mainly in agriculture, hunting, and forestry. Salaries and benefits were the primary reason for acceptance of jobs, while most secured forestry-related jobs within six months after their graduation. The gross monthly income for a great majority of the initial forestry-related jobs reported was less than PhP 15,000.00. Most employed graduates agreed that their program and curriculum were related and relevant to their jobs. However, regular updating of curriculum and instruction is the major suggestion of graduates to improve the program. The likelihood of gaining employment after graduation significantly increases when school support services are provided for career and job placement. Honours and awards in college were seen to be significant factors contributing to the employability of forestry graduates.
English grammar competence of Filipino college freshmen
(Journal of Positive School Psychology, 2022) Merza, Hartwell Norman M.
Instructional materials on fundamental English grammar are required to develop English proficiency among first-year technology students. The study is organized around Dewey and Kolb's active learning theories and knowledge construction. This study aimed to ascertain the basic English grammar proficiency of first-year technology students at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University and to produce a worktext as an output. The researcher collected data for analysis using the descriptive method and a validated Achievement Test. The study discovered that the subjects were moderately competent in basic English grammar but excelled in the correct use of conjunctions, prepositions, possessive forms of nouns, and verb tenses; they were weak in the pronoun-antecedent relationship, noun pluralization, subject-verb agreement, adverb, and pronoun types, adjectives and adverbs order, and adjectives' degree of comparison. A validated Worktext for Basic English Grammar was developed.
Enhancing language instruction:
(Diversitas Journal, 2024-07-25) Ancheta, Oscar O., Jr.; Ochoco, Cedric Anthony E.
This study investigates the implementation of Mother Tongue -Based Multilingual Education (MTBMLE) in urban educational settings, focusing on its application in the laboratory elementary schools of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University. The research highlights the complexities of effectively delivering first language (L1) instruction. It underscores the critical need for targeted teacher training, localized instructional resources, and enhanced human, material, and financial support. While the study reveals a high level of awareness about MTB-MLE objectives, it also identifies significant gaps in the actual implementation and support for L1 instruction. These findings underscore the urgent necessity of prioritizing MTB-MLE initiatives to promote multilingualism and improve the overall learning environment in urban schools .
Exploring ICT competencies and innovation readiness of school librarians:
(International Research and Innovation Journal on Education, Engineering and Agriculture, 2025-06) Reyes, Alma F.; Siago, Sonia B.
The important and dynamic role of school librarians, especially with the rise of digital technology requires that they continually excel in competencies in both library and information sciences. This descriptive-correlational study assessed the ICT competencies of school librarians in the 1st District of Pangasinan using the National Competency-Based Standards for Filipino Librarians. It focused on core areas such as email, hardware, internet, operating systems, software applications, web tools, and the application of information technologies. The study also examined the challenges librarians face in applying these skills and the relationship between their competence levels and the difficulty of these challenges. Findings revealed that librarians showed high competence, especially in email and operating systems, while challenges were generally rated as slightly difficult. Statistical analysis indicated no significant relationship between ICT competence and the degree of difficulty, suggesting that higher skill levels do not necessarily equate to fewer challenges. As a result, a Strategic ICT Capacity Enhancement Plan was developed to further improve competencies and address the difficulties school librarians encounter in applying ICT skills.
Factors influencing adoption of selected peanut protection and production technologies in Northern Luzon, Philippines
(Technology in Society, 2018-11) Launio, Cheryll C.; Luis, Janet S.; Angeles, Yolanda B.
The peanut is the world's second most important legume, and peanut and peanut-based products have a large potential in the Philippines and other tropical developing countries both in terms of import substitution and export promotion. This study used survey data to describe the socioeconomic and technological level of peanut farmers in major peanut-producing areas in the country, and determine the adoption factors and constraints for selected technologies. A total of 296 farmers in 10 provinces were interviewed in 2015. The binary logit model was applied to explore the farm-level factors affecting the adoption of selected technologies (seed inoculant, seed treatment, chemical fertilizer and pesticides) for peanut farming. Results indicate that decision factors vary per technology but relatively consistent drivers to technology adoption are farmer gender, attendance to seminar or training in peanut production, availability of irrigation source, and membership in organization. Household size was an adoption constraint in select technologies. Technology uptake was also influenced by regional differences. Implications are increased provision of seminars and trainings for peanut farmers; facilitation of farmers' organizations; support by local government units (LGUs) in technology promotion, and ensuring adequate irrigation. Informing decision makers on the factors and constraints to adoption of these technologies will largely make for evidence-based policymaking. The adoption of the selected technologies covered in this study will not only improve farmers' yield and income, but may eventually contribute to lower production cost per unit and lower prices in the long run, which has implications to the whole value-chain of peanut and peanut-based products.

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