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Apiculturists’ issues and challenges:
(IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019) Kupsch, Stephan; Palaoag, Thelma D.; Balcita, Amy
The most significant activity of honey bees, as far as advantages to people, is their pollination of natural vegetation. Bees and other pollinators seem to be declining globally. Beekeeping in the Philippines is a thriving industry that perfectly matches the natural landscape of the country. The goal of this study was to define the challenges and issues of Apiculturists in the Philippines where-in an IT approach was formulated to address these issues. Up to now, there is no initiative Information Technology approach in the beekeeping industry in the Philippines. Design thinking has been used as methodology in this study. Several challenges and issues were determined, and it is stated that the main problem to be addressed in order for the bee colonies to have a longer lifespan is its Apiary Location, an IT solution via Drone Technology with a Computer Vision approach was proposed named as Apiary Locator. A proposed framework of the Apiary Locator has been prepared. It is then recommended for the Apiary Locator to be developed as it shall benefit the apiculturists of the Philippines. Also, it will be a basis for developing IT solutions for the Beekeeping industry.
Year round royal jelly production determining the best season of producing royal jelly
(DMMMSU Research and Extension Journal, 2020-12-01) Tuyan, Arvin C.; Claro, Rizalde A.; Dulay, Lolita S.
This research was conceptualized to determine the preeminent season for the production of royal jelly from the honeybee Apis mellifera. Three strong double-chambered colonies of equal strength were utilized throughout the duration of the study and the grafting method was applied to facilitate the production of the jelly by the bees. Royal jelly can be produced at any time of year provided that all the necessary requirements of the colonies are available. Research results revealed that the highest yield was obtained during the months of April and May, which coincides with the honey production season, wherein an abundant supply of food for the bees is available. Accordingly, production of royal jelly is best when there are sufficient quantity of pollen and nectar for the colonies and it is important therefore to note the honeyflow season in a particular area as basis for production.
Insect visitors of rambutan (Nepheliumlappaceum),Black plum (Syzygiumcumini) and cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale)
(DMMMSU Research and Extension Journal, 2020-12-01) Tangalin, Merlito D.; Dangle, Jaime; Pajarillo, Rolyne Mae C.; Soliba, Mishima P.
The honeybees are labelled as the champion pollinators.Through theirpollination services,the quality of seed set, forage crops, and fruit yield improves.Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of introduced honeybees (ApismelliferaL.) in the number and weight of harvested fruits of the three (3) tropical fruit-bearing trees (rambutan, black plum, cashew).Three (3) fully grown rambutan, black plum, and cashew trees approximately 10 years old were selected. The t-Test was employed using 20 samples pertreatment(open pollinated flowers, T1in three (3) replicationswherein twenty (20) panicle samples were selected) togather the needed data.During the onset of blooming,one (1) standardbee coloniesmajor pollinator aside from the other insects in the area was placed within the vicinity of the plantation crops. Results of the study on the pollination of insect visitors on the experimental fruit trees showed significant differences between the open pollinated flowers (T1) and enclosed treatments (T2). In terms of harvested, percentage and weight of developed fruits of rambutan, black plum and cashew, results revealed that trees introduced with honeybee as pollinatorssignificantly produced more fruitsand heavier developed fruits than those in enclosed flowers (T2).
Nutrient supplementation using amino acid for growth and yield of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2021) Madrid, Elizabeth H.; Marzan, Helen B.; Nillo, Dominador S.; Badua, Annellene M.
In sericulture, mulberry leaves are the main food source for silkworms. Over the years, researches were conducted on supplementation of essential nutrients to improve mulberry leaf quality in order to meet the nutrient requirements for silkworm growth and development. Hence, this study determined the effect of amino acid (AA) supplementation on the growth and yield of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) and on the occurrence of diseases. A Philippine silkworm hybrid, DMMMSU 346 was used as testing organism and fed with mulberry leaves sprayed with 0.5% AA (given 4x a day); 0.5% AA (given 2x a day); 1.0% AA (given 4x a day); and 1.0% AA (given 2x a day), then compared to the control. The treatments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Data gathered were computed and analyzed using Analysis of Variance and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Results revealed that amino acid supplementation of mulberry leaves at 0.5% concentration and fed to silkworms 4x a day and reared during cold-dry season is ideal for cocoon yield per box, filament length and effective rearing rate. Supplementation of 1% concentration fed 2x a day positively affected larval weight at maturity. Grasserie disease was observed but did not significantly affect the survival rate of silkworm during rearing.
DEH-DoSv6:
(Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2021-02) Naagas, Marlon A.; Malicdem, Alvin R.; Palaoag, Thelma D.
With the rapid depletion of IPv4 protocol in these recent years, the IETF introduced IPv6 as a solution to address the exhaustion, however, as a new protocol exists, new characteristics have been introduced and new threats have been discovered. Extension Headers are the new characteristics of IPv6 that have an emerging and re-emerging security threats that is needed to be taken into consideration during the full migration to the IPv6 network. This study revealed that up to this moment, the popular vendors are still vulnerable and doesn’t have any default protection to deal with extension headers’ Denial of Service Attack (DoS). Also, this study leads to the development of new security model which creates a new solution to address the emerging threats of IPv6 extension headers’ Denial of Service Attack. Moreover, the results of this study show that our proposed security model is more effective in terms of neutralizing the unwanted traffic causing evasion attack by filtering, rate-limiting and discarding the malformed packets of prohibited extension headers’ payload versus the traditional router protection.
Diversified sericulture products:
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2022) Obra, Elizabeth P.; Ancheta, Lilia A.; Dacayanan, Merlita A.; Damasco, Crestilyn N.
This study explored the production of diversified sericulture products, wine and wine vinegar utilizing mulberry fruits that were analyzed and evaluated. The mulberry fruit wine had sweet, alcohol-like odor while the mulberry wine vinegar had light pungent odor and both possessed dark purple color. The wine’s chemical properties - pH, total acidity, volatile acids, ethanol and methanol were within the Philippine standards so with wine vinegar that included pH, total acidity and ash content except for the total solids attributed to the accumulated impurities which could be corrected through filtration. Sensory evaluation of the wine was described as “Good” in terms of appearance, aftertaste, aroma & bouquet, taste and texture while the wine vinegar was generally “Liked” in terms of appearance, color, texture, flavor, taste and acceptance. It implied that mulberry fruit wine and wine vinegar are potential and viable sericulture diversified products which can be adopted as source of additional income for sericulture farmers along with cocoon production and in sustaining and accelerating the development of sericulture industry.
English grammar competence of Filipino college freshmen
(Journal of Positive School Psychology, 2022) Merza, Hartwell Norman M.
Instructional materials on fundamental English grammar are required to develop English proficiency among first-year technology students. The study is organized around Dewey and Kolb's active learning theories and knowledge construction. This study aimed to ascertain the basic English grammar proficiency of first-year technology students at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University and to produce a worktext as an output. The researcher collected data for analysis using the descriptive method and a validated Achievement Test. The study discovered that the subjects were moderately competent in basic English grammar but excelled in the correct use of conjunctions, prepositions, possessive forms of nouns, and verb tenses; they were weak in the pronoun-antecedent relationship, noun pluralization, subject-verb agreement, adverb, and pronoun types, adjectives and adverbs order, and adjectives' degree of comparison. A validated Worktext for Basic English Grammar was developed.
Improving the quality of silk yarn and fabric using various edible oils during pre-treatment
(International Journal of Biosciences, 2022) Gaudia, Garizaldy G.; Cabrera, Excel V.
Silk, being the “queen of textiles”, passes through various procedures to ensure its quality. Pre-treatment is the process of soaking raw silk in a solution consisting of soap, oil, and water. Its primary purpose is to smoothen and elasticize the raw silk to expedite throwing operations. This paper aimed to modify the soaking solution for raw silk being used at DMMMSU-Sericulture Research and Development Institute, to improve the quality of fabric produced. The study utilized an experimental research design, using raw silk from silkworm hybrid DMMMSU 406. Pre-treatment was done using three types of edible oils such as castor oil, corn oil, and coconut oil as soaking agents with a material liquor ratio of 1:4:5:6. All the treatments passed the standards for breaking strength, dimensional change, and colorfastness. Results revealed that coconut oil had the lowest registered number of breaks, and the highest registered reflectance percentage. The same treatment also performed better in terms of cleanness, evenness, and neatness test.
Multivoltine silkworm lines, Bombyx mori L. in the Philippines:
(International Journal of Biosciences, 2022-06-30) Ulat, Maricris E.; Abuan, Julieta P.; Supsup, Gemma E.; Viduya, Marlyn M.; Sanchez, Marybel L.
A multivoltine silkworm breed can produce quality silk seed with considerable resistance to diseases. The study isolated and characterized multivoltine breeds at the Sericulture Research and Development Institute in Northern Philippines, and evaluated their performance on four quantitative characters such as single shell weight (SSW), single cocoon weight (SCW), cocoon shell percentage (CSP) and cocoon yield per box CYB-1) in three rearing seasons (January-February, August-September and October-November). Locally acquired silkworm hybrid cocoons were processed and isolated following the Mass Selection Method. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. Data gathered were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and further tested using Least Significant Difference (LSD). Three multivoltine breeds were isolated and characterized DMMMSU 1002, DMMMSU 1003 and DMMMSU 1016. In January-February season, DMMMSU 1002 performed better than the check breed, DMMMSU 1000 in all the economic parameters tested, but only on SSW in August-September; SCW and CYB-1 in OctoberNovember seasons. DMMMSU 1003 performed better than DMMMSU 1000 in all the parameters evaluated in January February; for SSW in August-September); and SCW in October-November rearing seasons. DMMMSU 1016 performed better on SSW and CSP (January-February); CYB-1 (August-September) and SSW, SCW and CSP in October-November rearing season. Based on these findings, the newly isolated lines can be used as potential parents of superior silkworm hybrids for higher cocoon yield.
Profiling of the Beekeeping Industry:
(DMMMSU Research and Extension Journal, 2022-12-01) Pajarillo, Rolyne Mae C.; Masiong, Pablo L.; de Castro, David T.; Soliba, Mishima P.; Panas, Joseph A.; Acosta, Mac Donald C.
Beekeeping is a viable agribusiness enterprise of small scale farmers, and other rural and non-rural people. Despite the many returns bees give including the increasing industry stakeholders and trained beekeepers, local honey production remains very low; hence, this study was conducted to determine the profile and status of bee enterprises in Region 1 and CAR. Demographic profile, level of motivation along the STEEP factors, and enterprise profile, were gathered employing semi-structured questionnaire. Interviews and secondary data were also employed. Results revealed that majority (78.95%) belong to the working age population (21-60 years old). There were more male (75.44%) and married (78.95%) beekeepers but women participation (24.56%) was also observed. Beekeepers had a relatively high literacy rate and 98.1% completed bee trainings. More than half (68.42%) were officers/members of community organizations but they were just part-time beekeepers because they had other/main source of family income. Environmental influences e.g., vegetation, were “very highly motivating factors in engaging to. Apiary sites conformed to standards of location appropriateness and resources availability, and all beekeepers practiced migration for higher honey production. They had total colony holdings of 1,097.5 standard (10-framer), with an average of 27.44 colonies each. This classified them as commercial beekeepers based on the Philippine National Standards. Lowland and upland honey flows fall in April to May and October to December. An analogous process flow of honey harvesting, processing and storing was confirmed. Start-up investment is ₽22,010.00. Average yearly operational expense per standard colony incurred by lowland beekeepers from 2000 to 2019, was ₽19,367.84 which is a little higher than the upland costs due to land and truck rental, and labor fees during migration and production periods. CAR beekeepers had a higher ROI of 20.02% than those in Region 1 with 4.39%. Natural environmental harms i.e., bee-eater predator birds, typhoons, were on top of the reasons why beekeepers discontinued their apiculture projects.
Efficacy of plant extracts against Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2023) Tabafunda, Minerva J.; De Castro, David T.; Pajarillo, Rolyne Mae C.; Soliba, Mishima P.; Garcia, Adora A.; Acosta, Mac Donald C.; Dangle, Emmanuel O.
The acaricidal and insecticidal effects of 12 selected botanicals against Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera were investigated. Crude ethanol leaf extract of botanicals was tested for acute toxicity using the full exposure method in a 16×4×3 Factorial Complete Randomized Design including negative control (water) and three commonly used chemical miticides (amitraz, tau fluvalinate, and thymol). The results revealed four promising miticides whose efficacy of plant extract, as measured by LC50, was in the following order of potency: Ocimum basilicum (biday)(15.80)> Vitex negundo (lagundi) (23.79) > Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) (27.73) >Gliricidia sepium (28.83). Due to their high selectivity index, they are also considered less toxic to honey bees.
Framing science in the time of COVID-19 pandemic:
(Informasi, 2023) Collo, Ernesto Cordero, Jr.
This century has necessitated scholars to probe the credence of science in the news reportage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this paper aims to establish the locus of science as treated by CNN against the backdrop of this global health crisis. Using Nisbet’s (2009) typology as the new paradigm in public engagement as informed by content analysis, this paper argues that CNN Philippines’ news articles are mostly framed as scientific/technical uncertainty which holds science with the highest esteem in decision-making, but it also disregards its authority for political reasons. As guided by Yanovitzky and Weber (2019), this paper also articulates that the functions of CNN as a news media organization in the reportage of science are mobilization and awareness which provoke action among policy actors through relevant information. Further, this paper offers a perceptive look into an emerging dimension for science communication scholars: the gulf between science and politics which surfaces the politicization of key pandemic decisions.
Screening of mulberry varieties for larval growth, cocoon yield, and quality through silkworm rearing
(Korean Society Of Sericultural Science, 2023) Dacayanan, Merlita A.; Damasco, Crestilyn N.; Libunao, Jarson P.; Sampaga, Mario B.; Galano, Edna A.
Mulberry (Morus spp.) production is a vital activity in sericulture along with rearing of silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) for silk production. The Sericulture Research and Development Institute (SRDI) conducted a study that evaluated 11 mulberry varieties, including nine newly-evolved mulberry hybrids and two check varieties. These mulberry varieties were fed to silkworm hybrid, DMMMSU 115 x 100. The rearing performance of DMMMSU 115 x 100 was determined based on the silkworm economic traits such as weight of 10 matured larvae, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell percentage, cocoon yield, reelability percentage, filament length and filament size. Six silkworm rearing trials were conducted with 50 silkworm larvae per treatment in three replicates. The data were analyzed in a one-way Analysis of Variance. Significant differences were tested further using Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference. Mulberry varieties that garnered an evaluation index value of higher than 50 were identified and selected. Results of the study revealed significant variations among the mulberry varieties based on the parameters gathered except on the reelability of cocoons, filament length and size. Matured silkworm larvae fed with Alf 55 were significantly heavier and higher cocoon yield compared to those fed with Alfonso and S54. Alf 32, Alf 55, Alf 58, Bat 37 and Bat 73 were identified as potential varieties and highly recommended as feed for the silkworm hybrid, DMMMSU 115 x DMMMSU 100.
Multivoltine and bivoltine silkworm F₁ hybrids adaptable to type one (1) climatic conditions in the Philippines
(The Korean Society of Sericultural Sciences International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials, 2023-09-30) Viduya, Marlyn M.; Ulat, Maricris E.; Supsup, Gemma E.; Abuan, Julieta P.; Sanchez, Edgar P.; Supsup, Roel D.
The eighteen (18) F1 hybrid combinations were tested to identify potential combinations adaptable to type 1 climatic conditions in the Philippines. The six (6) bivoltine purelines (DMMMSU 108, DMMMSU 109, DMMMSU 110, DMMMSU 111, DMMMSU 113, and DMMMSU 119); and three (3) multivoltine purelines (DMMMSU 1000, DMMMSU 1007, and DMMMSU 1014), were crossed (multivoltine x bivoltine) in a mating plan. These were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), replicated three times, and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A test of significance was done using ANOVA across years and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference Test (HSD). The multiple trait evaluation index (EI) method was also used in the identification of potential F1 hybrids. Three major phases were done: (1) parental rearing of multivoltine and bivoltine pure lines for breed multiplication; (2) hybridization process; and (3) evaluation of F1 hybrids. Rearing evaluations were conducted for three consecutive years. Based from the three evaluations, 10 potential crosses were identified: DMMMSU MV-12, DMMMSU MV-11, DMMMSU MV-13, DMMMSU MV-16, DMMMSU MV-07, DMMMSU MV-14, DMMMSU MV-05, DMMMSU MV-09, DMMMSU MV-03, and DMMSU MV-10. The topmost combinations with the best economic and commercial characters and are consistently adaptable during two (2) cropping seasons were DMMMSU MV-07, DMMMSU MV-12, DMMMSU MV-05, DMMMSU MV-09 and DMMMSU MV-11. These newly-identified F1 hybrids are considered potential breeds that could improve cocoon production.
Sericulture:
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 2023-10) Almojuela, Conchita M.; Ancheta, Roberto H.; Galiste, Emerita D.; Dacayanan, Gerardo P.
The best sericulture technologies were tested in Calungbuyan, Balaoan, La Union, Philippines by the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Sericulture Research and Development Institute (DMMMSU-SRDI) to improve the socio-economic standing of marginal farmers, provide community members with gainful employment, and satisfy domestic and international costumers’ demand for silk. The project applied various production strategies, such as plot sapling production, mulberry production in the lowland rain-fed area, and synchronized and sanitized silkworm rearing. The farmer cooperator reared 50 batches of silkworms consisting of 51.10 boxes of fourth-instar larvae from 2011 to 2020, which consumed approximately 27,898 kg of fresh mulberry leaves with a total production cost of PHP 149,640.63. With an average cocoon yield of 20.85 kg per box, the total yield of fresh cocoons was 1,065.60 kg which amounted to PHP 185,178.00. An average ROI of 20.36% was achieved with a total net income of PHP 35,537.38. Along with producing cocoons, additional income from fuel wood and mulberry saplings was obtained, with a total production cost of PHP 12,160.00 and an ROI of 72.70%. Sapling production, composting of seri-wastes, and utilization of clipped mulberry stems were examples of by-product development. Composted silkworm rearing wastes and litter are used as fertilizer for mulberry plantations and media for mushroom production. Family members and community people were hired by the project for a total of 134.01 and 341.71 man-days, respectively. The revenue generated from cocoon production was used to supplement basic requirements for the family, pay the farm workers, and buy medicines. A portion of the cash was used by the farmer to purchase agricultural equipment and more breeding animals to enhance outputs even more. These SRDI best practices have been proven to raise agricultural income and production.
Diversification of Philippine silk products for greater marketability and profitability
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2023-11-10) Higoy, Jocelyn Q.; Obille, Pura S.
The production, saleability, profitability, and product preferences must be evaluated in order to serve as benchmark references in developing enhanced and diverse silk products that are tailored to their demands in order to increase profitability. There was a significant volume of production and sales on silk items, notably silk fabric, which remained the top sales earner, followed by sablay rentals and novelty products, earning the highest net revenue of P 306,858.14, P 98,000.00, and P 52,514.00, respectively. Sericulture product profitability demonstrated ROIs of 57.82%, 45.45%, and 30.52% for novelty goods, sablay rentals, and silk fabric, respectively. Silk fabric was loved and purchased by the majority of respondents (77.5%), followed by novelty products (18.33%). These were purchased due to the design and craftsmanship (27.4 5), color (24.17%), and general attractiveness (21.67%) of the products. These sericulture products have the potential to greatly contribute to the industry’s growth and development. Factors affecting the customers’ product preference and saleability were age, educational attainment, gender and income which indicate that customers’ purchasing decisions are influenced by their age and educational level, with mature and educated individuals appreciating craftsmanship, color, and product acceptability. Furthermore, gender significantly impacts the saleability of products hence, marketers should understand gender differences in decision-making styles, as females tend to buy more sericulture products, valuing silk as the “Queen of all Textiles”. The respondents’ higher income indicates their ability to purchase high-quality silk products, particularly silk fabrics, which are often considered more expensive than other fabrics. The study proposes that sericulture is a profitable and productive industry that can be further developed by SRDI and other small businesses through continuous improvement and product innovation
Community-based apiculture enterprise:
(DMMMSU Research and Extension Journal, 2023-12) Bondot, George T.; Masiong, Pablo L.; Antolin, Merlito T.
Beekeeping projects fail due to several factors, including insufficient food supply (nectar and pollen) and the presence of pests and diseases, among others. Hence, rapid appraisal of bee pasture areas is vital for the success of an apiary establishment. The study aimed to rapidly assess the communities’ potential for apiculture enterprise, specifically in the municipalities of Tubod, Lala, and Sapad, Lanao del Norte, Philippines. Gathered data and information were recorded through on-site ocular inspection and interviews with some community folks using the rapid appraisal instrument. Results revealed that the communities in the municipalities of Tubod (44.78) and Sapad (43.80) were appraised to be favorable for apiculture enterprise, while the communities in the municipality of Lala (41.80) were appraised neutral for apiculture enterprise. The appraised resource factor parameters favorable for apiculture were; vegetation for bee foraging, the area available for bee foraging, road accessibility, transportation services, electricity service, and irrigation facilities. Other factors were neutral, with a few appraised as less favorable but could easily be made favorable with appropriate management intervention. The importance of rapid appraisal results of the study served as baseline information in providing timely, relevant, and actionable information that supports effective decision-making and response efforts in future beekeeping project establishment.
Improved feed efficiency and nutritional property effects of honey from Apis mellifera L. as an additive for broiler chickens’ drinking water
(DMMMSU Research and Extension Journal, 2023-12) Tattao, Rosemarie O.; Panas, Joseph A.; de Castro, David T.; Soliba, Mishima P.; Calimpang, Ison A.; Pajarillo, Rolyne Mae C.
Antimicrobial usage is particularly high in poultry production. Honey as a water supplement to poultry has been explored as a natural and safe antibiotic alternative. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of honey as a water supplement on broilers' growth performance and chemical properties. Five dietary treatments were used: no supplement (T1), commercial electrolytes (T2), 5mL honey (T3), (7.5mL honey (T4), and 10mL honey (T5) per liter of water. The experiment used 150 1-day-old Cobb-400 broiler chicks, assigned to five treatments with three replications of ten (10) birds each (N=30) employing the Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three blocks. Results indicated that 5mL/L-10mL/L honey supplementation led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of 4.3% to 7% in feed consumption compared to those with electrolytes. Similarly, using 5mL/L of honey showed 12.5% lower FCR compared with T2 and 24.3% compared with T1. However, a higher level of honey was comparable to T2, indicating that honey supplementation improved feed utilization and reduced feed cost at a certain level. Results of the proximate analysis, particularly on moisture content (MC), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), and total carbohydrates ((TC), revealed numerical differences. Samples with 5mL/L to 7.5mL/L levels of honey showed a higher MC, CP, and TC content and lower CF than T2. This implies that honey as a drinking water supplement offers practical advantages in feed consumption and efficiency and in improving the chemical and nutritional properties of chicken meat. A choice for healthier production.
Production and characterization of solar sea salt in La Union, Philippines
(International Journal of Biosciences, 2024-02-20) Tabafunda, Junifer Rey E.; Tadeo, Andie John D.
The Philippine salt industry has declined due to various factors such as climate change, age old laborious production methods, and changes in livelihood preferences. To jumpstart the revival of the salt industry in the province of La Union, a small-scale salt production process for coastal communities was developed using solar evaporation of seawater on the HDPE platform. The quality of seawater and the produced solar sea salt were determined based on physicochemical analysis, microbial and heavy metal contamination tests and salt yield. The study used four treatments based on the volume of seawater poured into the HDPE platform: T1, 100 li; T2, 200 li; T3, 300 li; T4, 400 li. The study was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Test for further test of significance using SPSS version 23. The salinity of seawater, taken at a depth of 0.59 meters, was 35-37 ppt, the water temperature was 29.1 - 31.54 ⁰C, and the pH was 8.21 - 8.03. The solar drying to produce sea salt took 7-19 days, depending on seawater quantity, and the highest yield was attained in T3 with three monthly production cycles. The NaCl content of produced sea salt ranged from 81.93±0.87 - 82.57±0.20 %, and Iodine (I) content of 46.03±0.94 - 48.16±1.96 mg/kg. Inorganic arsenic (i-As) was in a range of 0.075±0.75- 76.81±1.91 μg/g, and lead (Pb) content from 9.07±0.71 - 9.41±0.48 mg/kg. Salmonella was not detected, while E. coli, and S. aureus were within the microbiological limits for the food-grade product
Diversity assessment of fruit-bearing tree species in Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University forest reserve
(Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2024-03-18) Lozano, Angelo L.; Gimeno, Mark Jerome L.; Poclis, Cindy E.; Villareal, Jayric F.; Cortado, Mark G.
This study was conducted to determine the diversity of fruit-bearing tree species in Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU) Forest Reserve. Specifically, the study aimed to inventory the fruit bearing tree species present in DMMMSU Forest Reserve, classify the fruit-bearing tree species in the study area, identify their conservation status, compute their importance value, and determine their distribution through diversity indices. There were 12 quadrats established with a dimension of 20 m x 20 m each. The study area was selected based on the presence of wide range of vegetation in DMMMSU Forest Reserve. There are 473 individual species identified at DMMMSU Forest Reserve belonging to 14 families with 24 species. One species recorded, Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f. Verbenaceae, was listed as endangered species. Coffea spp. had the highest density and importance value, and Mangifera indica L. had the highest frequency. The diversity indices had a relative value of moderate and high degree of diversity. Continuous protection of the Forest Reserve is therefore recommended. Planting of additional fruit-bearing tree species in the area with low diversity indices are recommended to increase diversity. Areas within the Forest Reserve with low plant diversity were recommended for planting and assisted natural regeneration programs using species with high importance value. Regular monitoring should be conducted in the Forest Reserve to assess the changes in diversity of fruit-bearing tree species to support decision-making and policy formulations.

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