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Item Interlanguage pragmatics of pre-service teachers on face threatening speech acts(DMMMSU, 2017-12-01) Padrigan, ArnielInterlanguage Pragmatics presents how nonnative speakers understand and perform linguistic action in a target language, and how they acquire L2 pragmatic knowledge (Kasper, 1996; Cai L. and Wang Y., 2013). The study assessed the interlanguage pragmatics of pre-service teachers by determining the level of pragmatic comprehension and the appropriateness of the production of responses to situations as bases for the development of instructional plan/design for the module. The study used descriptive survey method utilizing discourse completion tasks to gather data from the forty-two (42) CTED pre-service teachers which were analyzed using frequency count, percentages, mean and ranking. Results of the study revealed that the level of interlanguagepragmaticcompetence of the pre-service teachers was very good and they produced appropriate responses to communicative situations involving the speech acts of greeting, refusing, apologizing and requesting. Furthermore, an instructional design was formulated as a basis for the development of the module in teaching pragmatics to enhance the interlanguage pragmatics of the pre-service teachers.Item Indigenous Knowledge and Practices on Climate Change in Selected Barangays of La Union: Towards Community Resilience(DMMMSU, 2017-12-01) Abellera ,Priscilla S.This study validated the indigenous knowledge and practices on climate change in selected upland barangays of the six indigenous municipalities of La Union. It utilized the participatory action research design in which those involved in the research participated and were consulted in the listing and validation of indigenous knowledge and practices. Barangays of the indigenous municipalities were selected as areas of the study due to the remoteness of the places which impedes the availability of access to scientific weather forecasts through television, newspapers, radios or even the internet. The key-informants were senior citizens who have resided in the area for at least thirty years. They were chosen as respondents because they have a good knowledge of the environment and long periods of residence enabled them to acquire understanding on environmental indicators and how they are used to predict weather and adapt to climate change. This study found out that the key-informants have been using their observations of the following: a) environment, b) celestial bodies, and c) animal behavior in forecasting typhoons, droughts or even good weather conditions. Most of the indigenous knowledge and practices before a disaster were rated valid, meaning the prediction really happened, the indigenous knowledge and practices are widely used in the community, used for more than one generation, still being used and effective in predicting weather conditions. Use of plants to forecast weather conditions has low validity. Majority of the indigenous knowledge and practices during and after a disaster were rated highly valid. These validated indigenous knowledge and practices have their scientific explanations.Item Quality of spray-dried and oven-dried roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffaL.)powders(DMMMSU, 2017-12-01) Estabillo, Imma Concepcion G.Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) contains significant amountsof anthocyanins and Vitamin C;however, these nutrients are heat sensitive and are easily degraded during heat processing. This study assessed the influence of drying methods on the physicochemical properties of roselle powders. The 80:20(extract:maltodextrin) liquid feed formulation produced the best quality spray-dried powder. Optimum parameters for spray-drying wereestablished at inlet temperature, Ti = 173+ 1°C, outlet temperature, T0 = 73 +1°C, feed rate(R) of 10 rpm and air pressure (P) of 1.5 –2.0 bars. Presoaking conditions anddrying methods significantly influenced the antioxidant components of the roselle extract powder. At higher water temperatures (50C° and 100°C), higher losses of anthocyanin and Vitamin C were recorded. Likewise, similar changes were observed in the oven –dried (45°C, 24h) roselle powder. Spray –dried powder had lower Aw, moisture, protein, ash and fiber contents than the oven –dried powder. This study suggested that spray –drying protects the essential nutrients anthocyanin and Vitamin C, however, degrades the proximate composition of roselle powder.Item Instability of nata formation by Acetobacter acetisubsp. xylinumand a new nata-producing isolate using seaweed pulp extract(DMMMSU, 2017-12-01) Mamaril, Eden F.; Galvez, Gerry N.A total of nine(9) isolates from nata starter/ mother liquor and five (5) isolates from fresh seaweed pulp extract (SPE) were isolated and screened for ability to produce/ form nata pellicle in glucose-yeast extract (GYE), Hassid and barker broth(HBB) and coconut water media (CWM). The best isolates EM23 from SPE and EFM from nata starter/ mother liquor proved to be stable in producing nata up to 4thtransfer in sterile and up to 2ndtransfer in non-sterile seaweed pulp extract medium (PEM).Contaminants significantly affected the formation of nata. Nata yields and total plate counts of the isolates decreased with increased total bacterial and yeast counts. Yeast species formed films on the surface of fermenting medium thus competed with the nata organisms for both space and oxygen. Contaminants were identified to be Candida, Saccharomyces, Acetobacter, Bacillus, Leuconostocand Pediococcus. The buildup of these contaminants was accompanied with increases in pH and alcohol levels and increase in total acidity of the medium.Item Screening and characterization of agar of selected Agarophytes of La Union(DMMMSU, 2017-12-01) Mamaril, Eden F.Agars of five (5) agarophytes of Balaoan and three (3) agarophytes of Sto. Tomas, La Union were screened and characterized based on yield (%), gelling and melting temperatures (°C), gel strength (g/cm2), rupture force (g), cohesiveness (g)and sulfate content (%). Agars of Balaoan agarophytes significantly differed in all physico-chemical properties considered. Gelling temperature, gel strength, rupture force, cohesiveness and sulfate content significantly differed among Sto. Tomas agarophytes. Agars of Gelidiella acerosa of both sources were comparable in terms of yield melting temperature and sulfate content. Likewise, agars of G. coronopifolia were comparable in yield, gelling and melting temperatures, gel strength, rupture force, cohesiveness and sulfate content. Relationships existed among the physicochemical properties ranged from negative weak to positive strong.